Wordlist

Unfortunately there is only a norse–english wordlist available yet, but if you use your browser's search or find function to search for an english word you ought to find what you're looking for.

For some words the old swedish forms and inflexions are given, but since the OSw. texts are of a different kind many words are not attested in OSw. ... Where OSw. forms are not given, they can either be identical with the OIcel. or not attested.

Names of persons and places can be found here.

A B D Ð E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T Þ U V Y Æ Ø Ö

A, Á

á
· 'on, onto' prep. w/acc.
· 'on, upon' prep. w/dat.
-a
· 'not' (poetic word) adv.
áðan
· 'before, earlier' adv.
áðr
· 'before' both adv. and conj.
af
· prep. w/dat.
· 'off'
· 'of, from' ; Skip skaltu af mér þiggja 'A ship you shall have from me'
· 'because of' ; af því at 'because'
afl
· 'power, strength' neut. a-st.
afla
· 'aquire' weak 1 ; w/gen.
afli
· 'power, forces' masc. an-st.
ágjarn
· 'aggressive'
ágætr
· 'famous, great'
ákafr
· 'eager'
akr, OSw. akær
· 'arable field' masc. a-st. ; stem akr- – gen. akr-s
ala
· 'beget; breed' strong VI ; Hringr konungr ól bráðliga við henni þrjú börn 'King H. rapidly begot three children with her',
aldr
· 'age' masc. a-st. ; (stem aldr- – gen. aldr-s)
aldri/aldrigi
· 'never'
álfr
· 'elf' masc. a-st.
álit
· 'look' neut. a-st.
allr
· 'all' in plur., 'whole' in sing.
· all- 'very' ; allillr 'very evil' etc.
alþýða
· 'the people'
álög
· 'spell, curse' neut. a-st. (plur. only) ; Eru engi álög á brandinum? 'Is there no spell on the sword'
ambátt
· 'female slave' fem. i-st.
á milli
· 'between' prep. w/gen.
andask
· 'die' weak 1 (refl.) ; (pret. andaðisk)
andlát
· 'death' (lit. 'leaving of breath') neut. a-st.
andlit
· 'face' neut. a-st.
andsvar
· 'answer' neut. a-st.
angra
· 'torment, hurt' weak 1 ; w/acc. ; Þat angrar mik at ek veit eigi hverr hann er 'It torments me that I do not know who he is'
annarr
· 'other; second' adj., num. ; (/nn/ becomes /r/ when it meets the /r/ – masc. plur. aðrir)
aptann, OSw. aftann/aftunn
· 'afternoon, evening' masc. a-st. ; stem apt(a)n- – plur. aptn-ar
aptr, OSw. aptær/attær
· 'back; again'
ár
· 'year' neut. a-st.
arf
· 'inheritance' neut. a-st.
arfi, OSw. arvi/ærvi
· 'heir' masc. an-st.
argr/ragr, OSw. arghær
· 'perverted' ; ragr is a distorted form of argr
armr, OSw. armbær
· 'arm' masc. a-st.
árr
· 'messenger' masc. u-st. or i-st. (plur. ærir or árar)
ars/rass, OSw. ars
· 'arse' neut. a-st. ; rass is a distorted form of ars
áss
· 'god' masc. u-st. ; (plur. æsir)
ást
· 'love' fem. i-st.
at
· 'at, to' prep. w/dat.
at
· sign of the infinitive ; at eta 'to eat'
at
· 'that' conj.
-at
· 'not' (poetic word) adv.
atganga
· 'attack, ambush' fem. ôn-st.
atseta
· 'residence' fem. ôn-st. ;
átta
· 'eight' num.
auðigr
· 'wealthy'
auðr
· 'easy'
· auð-kenndr 'easy to recognise', auðsénn 'easy to see, obvious'
auðr, OSw. øþ
· 'wealth, ' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar
auga, OSw. øgha
· 'eye' neut. an-st.
austr, OSw. østær
· 'east' adv.
austrvegr
· 'the east' masc. a-st. ; Russia, Arabia, Greece etc. as opposed to England, France, Spain etc.

B

báðir
· 'both' pron.
baðmr
· 'tree' mask. a-st.
bak, OSw. bakær
· 'back' neut. a-st., , OSw. masc. a-st.
bál
· 'pyre' neut. a-st.
bani
· 'slayer' masc. an-st.
bardagi
· 'battle' masc. an-st.
barn
· 'child' neut. a-st.
· hvert barn 'every human being'
baugr
· 'ring' masc. a-st.
bazt/bezt, OSw. bæzt/bæst
· 'best' superl. to vel
baztr/beztr, OSw. bæztær/bæstær
· 'best' superl. to góðr
beðr
· 'bed' masc. i-st. ; plur. beð-jar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s or -jar
beiða
· 'ask for, beg, wish' weak 3 (pret. beiddi ; w/acc. and gen. ; Þá beiddi hann friðar Víkar konung 'Then he asked king V. for peace'
· beiðask, OSw. beþas (refl.) 'ask for' ; Kona hans beiðist opt at fara til föður síns 'His wife often asked (for permission) to go to her father'
bein, OSw. ben
· 'bone' neut. a-st.
beita, OSw. beta
· 'let bite' weak 3 ; beitti ; w/dat. ; Vel kann hann sverði at beita 'He can make a sword bite well', beita hundum ok haukum 'hunt with dogs and hawks'
bekkr, OSw. bænkær
· 'bench' masc. i-st., OSw. ja-st. ; gen. bekk-jar (old ja-st.)
belgr, OSw. bælghær
· '(whole) hide' masc.
ben, OSw. bæn
· 'wound' fem. jô-st.
benda, OSw. bænda
· 'bend' weak 3 -di ; Síðan bendi hann upp boga sinn 'Then he bent his bow'
bera, OSw. bæra
· 'carry' strong IV ; w/acc.
· bera af 'be better than' ; w/dat. ; Svá bar hann af öllum mönnum sem gull af jarni 'So much better was he compared to other men, as gold [compared to] iron'
berg, OSw. bærgh
· 'mountain, hill' neut. a-st.
berja, OSw. bærja
· 'beat' weak 2
· berjask (refl.) 'fight' weak 2 ; Tóku þeir síðan at berjask 'Then they started to fight'
berserkr
· 'berserk' masc. i-st. ; gen. berserk-jar (old ja-st.)
betr, OSw. bætær
· adv. comp. to vel
betri, OSw. bætri
· adj. comp. to góðr
beysta, OSw. bøsta
· 'knock' weak 3
bíða, OSw. biþa
· 'wait, await' strong I ; w/gen.
biðja
· 'beg, ask, wish, offer' strong V ; w/gen. and acc. ; Konungr bað hann betra sverð gera 'The king asked him to make a better sword' , Konungr bað dóttur minnar 'The king proposed to my daughter', Hann biðr þá nú vel fara 'He now wishes them farewell'
binda
· 'bind, tie' strong III ; (1st and 3rd sing. pret. batt)
bíta
· 'bite' strong I ; w/acc.
bjarga, OSw. bjargha > bjærgha
· 'salvage' strong III
bjóða, OSw. bjuþa
· strong II
· 'offer' ; Hún bauð honum at drekka 'She offered him to drink'
· 'command' ; Ok svá var gert sem konungr bauð 'And it was done like the king commanded'
björn, OSw. bjorn
· 'bear' masc. u-st.
bland
· 'mix, company' neut a-st. ; í bland þeirra 'in their company, in their midst, among them'
blanda
· 'mix' red. III ; (pret. blett – blendum, perf. blandinn) ; also weak 1 -aði, always so in OSw.
blár
· 'blue, black'
blindr, OSw. blindær
· 'blind'
blóð
· 'blood' neut. a-st.
blóðugr
· 'bloody'
blóta
· 'sacrifice (to)' red. IV ; with /ó/ in pres. and perf. ; w/acc. ; Ek mun hvárki blóta Þór né Óðin 'I will not sacrifice to neither Thor nor Odin'
boð
· 'message; command' neut. a-st.
bogi
· 'bow' masc. an-st.
bók
· 'book' fem. root-noun
bolli, OSw. bulli
· 'cup' masc. an-st.
bóndi/búandi
· '... man, husband' masc. nd-st. (plur. bœndr)
borð
· 'table' neut. a-st.
borg
· 'castle, city' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
bót
· 'remedy, fine' fem. root-noun
bráðr
· 'fast'
bragarfullr
· '' masc. a-st. ; Jarl strengdi þá þess heit at bragarfulli, at hann skyldi ... 'The earl then swore by the [?], that he should ...'
brandr
· 'fire; sword' masc. i-st.
brauð, OSw. brøþ
· 'bread' neut. a-st.
braut, OSw. brøt
· 'road' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
bregða, OSw. bræghþa
· strong III ; pret. brá – brugðu ; w/dat.
· 'move'; Ásmundr brá þá saxi ok hjó höfuð af Áráni 'Then Á. drew a sword and cut off Á's head'
· 'change'
breiðr, OSw. breþær
· 'broad'
brenna, OSw. brænna
· 'set on fire' weak 3 -di ; w/acc.
brenna, OSw. brinna/brænna
· 'be on fire' strong III
bresta, OSw. brista/bræsta
· 'burst' strong III
brjóst, OSw. bryst
· 'breast; chest' neut. a-st.
brjóta, OSw. bryta
· 'break' strong II
bróðir
· 'brother' masc. r-st.
brœkr
· 'pants' fem. root-noun (plur.) ; (stem brók-)
brot
· 'break; crime' neut. a-st.
brotna
· 'break' weak 1 ; intransitive
brú, OSw. bro
· 'bridge' fem. ô-st.
brúðr, OSw. bruþ
· 'bride, wife' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!)
brullaup, OSw. brulløp/brullop
· 'wedding' neut. a-st.
brut/brot/burt
· 'away' adv.
brynja
· 'coat of mail' fem. jôn-st.
búa, OSw. boa/bo
· red. II ; pret. bjó – bjuggu
· 'dwell, be resident'
· 'make ready, prepare' ; Þeir bjuggu eitt skip 'They prepared one ship'
· búask (refl.) 'make oneself ready' ; En um morgin snemma bjuggust þeir til orrostu 'And early in the morning they prepared for battle'
burðr, OSw. byrþ
· 'birth' masc. i-st., OSw. fem. iô-st.
byggð
· 'settled country' fem. i-st.
byggja
· 'build' weak 3 byggði
· '' ; Ek ætla mér at byggja rekkju með henni í nótt ''
býr/bœr, OSw. byr
· 'village' masc. i-st. ; gen. bœjar (old ja-st.)
byrðr, OSw. byrþ/byrþi/byrþa
· 'burden' fem. iô-st./în-st./ôn-st.
byrja
· 'begin' weak 1
byrr
· 'good wind' masc. i-st. ; gen. byr-jar (old ja-st.)
bæði, OSw. baþi
· 'both' adv.
bœn (> bæn), OSw. bøn
· 'request; prayer' fem. i-st.
bœta (> bæta), OSw. bøta
· 'pay fine, atone for' weak 3 -ti
bölkr, OSw. balkær/bolkær
· masc. u-st., OSw. also masc. a-st.
· 'bar, beam'
· ''

D

dáð (= döð)
· 'deed' fem. i-st.
dagr, OSw. daghær
· 'day' masc. a-st.
dalr, OSw. dall
· 'valley' masc. a-st.
dauði, OSw. døþi
· 'death' masc. an-st.
dauðr, OSw. døþær
· 'dead' adj.
deila
· 'dispute' weak 3 -di
deyja, OSw. dø(j)a
· 'die' strong VI ; deyja – dó – dóu – dáinn
deyða, OSw. døþa
· 'kill' weak 3 deyddi
djarfr, OSw. djarvær (> djærvær)
· 'daring' adj.
djúpr, OSw. djupær
· 'deep' adj.
dómr, OSw. dombær
· 'judgement' masc. a-st.
dóttir
· 'daughter' fem. r-st.
draga
· 'pull' strong VI ; (1st and 3rd pers. sing. pret. dró) perf. dregit (with g/k-umlaut) ; w/acc.
dráp
· 'homicide' neut. a-st.
draumr, OSw. drømbær
· 'dream' masc.
dreki, OSw. draki
· 'dragon; large warship' masc. an-st.
drekka, OSw. drikka
· 'drink; celebrate' strong III ; w/acc. ; Skaltu nú drekka brullaup til hennar 'You shall now marry her' (lit. '... drink wedding to her')
· drekka af 'drink up, empty' ; ok ekki horn var svá mikit, at eigi drykki hann af í einum drykk 'and no horn was so large, that he did not empty it in one draught'
drekkja, OSw. drænkja
· 'drown' weak 3 drekþi (later drekti)
drengr, OSw. drængær
· 'young man' masc. i-st. ; plur. drengjar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s, dat. -i
drepa, OSw. dræpa
· 'kill' strong V ; w/acc.
dreyma, OSw. drøma
· 'dream' weak 3 -di ; impers. w/acc. ; Mik dreymdi um hana í nótt 'I dreamt of her last night' (lit. 'It dreamt me ...')
dróttning
· 'queen' fem. ô-st.
drykkja
· 'drinking' fem. jôn-st. ; Settust menn nú til drykkju 'Now men sat down to drink'
drykkr, OSw. drykkær
· masc. i-st. ; gen. drykk-jar (old ja-stem)
· 'drink'
· 'draught, gulp'
dveljask
· 'dwell' weak 2 (refl.) dvalðisk
dylja
· 'hide; deny' weak 2 dulði
dýr, OSw. djur
· 'animal' neut. a-st.
dýrr
· 'expensive, costly; dear, precious'
dœma (> dæma), OSw. døma
· 'judge' weak 3
dœmi (> dæmi), OSw. dømi
· 'example' neut. ia-st.
dagverðr/dögurðr, OSw. daghværþær/daghvarþær/daghurþær
· 'breakfast' masc. u-st. ; dat. -verði, OSw. -værþi

E, É

eða/eðr
· 'or' conj.
ef
· 'if' conj.
efla
· 'practise' weak 3 -di ; Þeir eru nú at efla seið 'They are now practising magic'
egg, OSw. ægg
· 'cutting edge' fem. jô-st.
eggja, OSw. æggja
· weak 1 'incite, egg on'
eiðr, OSw. eþær
· 'oath' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar
eiga, OSw. ægha
· 'own, have' pret.pres. ; pres. á – eigu, pret. átti, perf. áttr
· eiga at 'shall, be supposed to' ; Þessi knífr á at vesa þungr 'This knife is supposed to be heavy'
eigi, OSw. eghi, æghi, æi
· 'not' adv.
eign, OSw. egn/ægn
· 'property' fem. i-st.
eik, OSw. ek
· 'oak' fem. root-noun
eingi
· see engi
einn, OSw. enn
· 'one; alone' num., adj.
einnhverr
· 'someone, anyone' indef. pron.
einvígi
· 'duel' neut. ia-st.
eitr
· 'poison' neut. a-st.
ek, OSw. jak
· 'I' pers. pron.
ekki, OSw. ækki/ikki
· 'not' adv.
eldr, OSw. eldær
· 'fire' masc. a-st.
elfr, OSw. ælf
· 'river' fem. iô-st.
elgr, OSw. ælghær
· 'elk (european moose)' masc. i-st. ; plur. elg-jar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s ; OSw. ja-st. ; gen. -jar
ella, OSw. ælla/ællær
· 'else' adv.
elli, OSw. ælli
· 'old age' fem. în-st. ; ok var hann þar konungr til elli 'and he was king there until he was old'
ellifu, OSw. ællivu
· 'eleven' num.
elligar, OSw. ællighar/ællighis
· '(or) else' adv. ; elligar rek ek spjótit í gegnum þik 'or else I will run the spear through you'
elska, OSw. ælska
· 'love' weak 1 ; w/
en/enn, OSw. æn
· 'but, and' ; used if there is some kind of opposition between the clauses (if the subject is not the same for example)
en/enn, OSw. æn
· 'than' comparative particle ; Svipdagr vill ekki annat en ríða burt 'S. wanted nothing else than to ride away'
endir/endi, OSw. ændi
· 'end' masc. ia-st. in nom. sing. and an-st. elsewhere, i.e endir – enda – enda etc. ; OSw. masc. an-st.
endrborinn
· 'reincarnated'
engi/eingi/øngi, OSw. ænginn/inginn
· 'noone' indef. pron.
enn, OSw. ænn
· 'yet, still'
enni, OSw. ænni
· 'forehead' neut. ia-st.
eptir, OSw. æptir/ættir
· 'after' prep w/acc. and dat.
erindi/ørindi/eyrindi, OSw. ærindi
· 'errand' neut. ia-st.
es
· = er
er/es, OSw. ær
· 'who, that, which' rel. particle, conj. ; also 'when', 'where' &c. with relative meaning but without a correlate ; ''
erfa, OSw. ærva
· 'inherit'
eta, OSw. æta
· 'eat' strong V ; w/acc.
ey, OSw. ø
· 'island' fem. jô-st.
ey, OSw. æ
· 'always' adv.
eyða, OSw. øþa
· 'lay waste, devastate' weak 3 eyddi ; Þeir eyða allar borgir, er fyrir urðu
eyðimörk
· 'wilderness' fem. i-st. or root-noun ; (gen. markar or merkr)

F

fá
· 'paint' weak 1 ; (pret. fáði)
fá
· 'get, recieve; succeed' red. III ; pret. fekk – fingu
faðerni
· 'the father's side of the family'
faðir
· 'father' masc. r-st.
fagna
· 'welcome' weak 1 ; w/dat.
fagr, OSw. faghær
· 'beautiful' ; comp. fegri ; the /r/ is part of the stem (plur. fagrir)
falda
· 'fold' red. III ; (pret. felt – feldum) ; OSw. weak 1
falla
· 'fall' ; red. III ; (pret. fell – fellu, OSw. fjoll – fjollu)
fár
· 'few' ; comp. fær(r)i – fæstr
fara
· strong VI
· 'go, travel' ; Síðan fór Bera í burt 'Then B. went away'
· 'happen' ; Fór þat fram, at Haraldr fekk hennar 'That happened, that H. got her'
· 'behave'
· farask (refl.) 'die'
fátœkr
· 'poor'
fé, OSw. fæ
· 'cattle; personal estate, money' neut. a-st. ; gen. fjár (old u-st.)
feðgar
· 'father and son(s)' masc. a-st. (plur. only) ; Síðan skildu þeir feðgar 'Then the father and the son(s) went separate ways'
feðgin
· 'father and daughter(s)' neut. a-st. (plur. only)
feginn, OSw. fæghinn
· 'happy'
fegrð
· 'beauty' fem. i-st.
feigr, OSw. feghær
· 'doomed'
félagi
· 'companion, partner' masc. an-st.
fen
· 'swamp' neut. ja-st.
ferð, OSw. færþ
· 'journey' fem. i-st.
fífl
· 'fool' neut. a-st.
fimm
· 'five' num.
fimmti
· 'fifth' num.
finna
· 'find' strong III ; w/acc.
fiskr, OSw. fiskær
· 'fish' masc. a-st.
fjall, OSw. fjall (> fjæll)
· 'mountain' neut. a-st.
fjándi, OSw. fiandi
· 'enemy' masc. nd-st.
fjórði, OSw. fjarþi/fjærþi
· 'fourth' num.
fjórir, OSw. fjurir/fyrir
· 'four' num. ; fem. fjórar, neut. fjögur, OSw. fjurar/fyrar, fiughur
fjölði
· 'mength, lot' masc. a-st. ; Hann lá úti með fjölða skipa 'He was out with a lot of ships'
fjölkunnigr
· 'skilled in magic' (lit. 'with many skills') ; Sóti átti fóstru gamla ok fjölkunniga 'S. had a foster-mother old and skilled in magic'
fjölmennr
· 'having a lot of people'
fjör
· 'life' neut. va-st.
fjörðr, OSw. fjorþær
· 'fjord, firth' masc. u-st.
flá
· 'skin' strong VI ; pret. fló – flógu, perf. fleginn
fleiri, OSw. fleri
· 'more' adj. comp. to margr
flestr
· 'most' adj. superl. to margr
flet
· 'floor' neut. ja-st.
fljúga, OSw. flygha
· 'fly' strong II
flýja
· 'flee' weak 3 (flýði)
fold
· 'earth, ground' fem. i-st.
folk
· 'people; soldiers' neut. a-st.
forellrar
· 'parents' masc. an-st. [?]
forn
· 'old, ancient'
fors/foss
· 'waterfall' masc.
fóstrbróðir
· 'foster-brother' masc. r-st.
fóstrbrœðralag
· 'foster-brotherhood' neut a-st. ; vil ek at þit sverizk í fóstbrœðralag 'I want you two to "swear yourself into" foster-brotherhood'
fóstr
· 'upbringing' neut. a-st.
fóstri
· 'foster-father' masc. an-st.
fótr, OSw. fotær
· 'foot; leg' masc. root-noun ; (gen. fótar dat. fœti etc.)
frá
· 'from; about' prep. w/dat.
fram
· 'forward' adv.
frami
· 'honour' masc. an-st.
fregna, OSw. frægna
· 'learn, find out, get to know' strong V ; pret. frá – frágu, perf. freginn (with the -/n/- only in pres.) ; w/acc. ; er frágu líflát föður síns 'when (they) learnt about the death of their father'
freista
· 'try' weak 1 ; w/gen. ; ok hefir þessa aldri fyrr verit freistat 'and this has never before been tried'
frétta
· 'get to know, recieve news' weak 3 frétti
friðr, OSw. friþær
· 'peace' masc. u-st. or i-st.
fríðr
· 'beautiful'
frilla/friðla
· 'mistress, concubine' fem. ôn-st.
fróðr
· 'wise'
frægð, OSw. fræghþ
· 'fame' fem. i-st.
frægr
· 'famous'
frændi
· 'male relative' masc. nd-st.
frænka
· 'female relative' fem. ôn-st.
frœkn (> frækn)
· 'brave'
fuð
· 'cunt' fem.
fugl
· 'bird' masc. a-st.
fullr, OSw. fuldær
· 'full' adj. ; w/gen. ; Hon tók þá horn fullt mjaðar 'She then took a horn full of meed'
· full- 'completely' ; Er hann hugði at fullsteikt væri 'When he thought that (it) was completely fried'
· (at) fullu 'fully' adv.
fundr
· 'meeting' masc. i-st. ; Ferr hann síðan á fund Helga konungs 'Then he went to meet king H.' (lit. '... went on king H's meeting')
fúss
· 'eager' ; Þeir váru þess fúsir 'They were eager to (do) that' Þeir váru ófúsir at herja á hans ríki 'They were un-eager to ravage his kingdom'
fylgja
· 'follow' weak 3 fylgði ; w/dat.
fylkir
· 'commander' masc. ia-st. ; (gen. plur. fylkja)
fylkja
· 'arrange (an army) on the battleground' weak 3 fylkti
fyrir
· 'for' ; w/dat.
· 'on behalf of' ; w/acc.
· 'because of' ; w/dat. or acc.
· 'in front of, in the presence of' ; w/dat. () and acc. (movement)
· 'before' ; w/dat. or acc.
fyrirgefa
· 'forgive' strong V
fyrstr
· 'first' num. ; inflected like an adj.
fœða (> fæða), OSw. føþa
· 'give birth to; feed' weak 3 fœddi
fœra (> færa), OSw. føþa
· 'bring' weak 3 -ði
för, OSw. far
· 'journey' fem. ô-st.

G

gá
· see ganga
gala
· 'call, sing' (used about birds) strong VI ; ''
galdr
· 'chant, spell' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem – gen. galdrs
galinn
· 'crazy' ; ok hljóp til skógar, sem hann væri galinn 'and ran to the woods, as if he were mad'
gamall
· 'old' ; comp. eldri – elzt (= eng. older – oldest)
gaman
· 'entertainment' neut. a-st. ; stem gam(a)n- – dat. gamn-i
gandr
· ''
ganga
· 'walk' red. III ; inf. also gá (seldom in OIcel.), pret. gekk – gingu, perf. genginn (with g/k-umlaut) (OSw. ganginn)
gapa
· 'open one's mouth' weak 4
garðr, OSw. garþær (> garþær)
· '' masc. a-st.
gata
· 'street' fem. ôn-st.
gefa, OSw. g(j)æva/giva
· 'give' strong V ; w/acc. and dat. ; ok gaf ek honum sex tigi hafra 'and I gave him 60 rams'
gegn, OSw. gen
· 'against' ; w/dat.
gegnum, OSw. gønum/genum
· 'through' ; w/acc.
geirr
· 'spear' masc. a-st.
gelda, OSw. gælda
· 'castrate' weak 3 geldi ; w/acc.
gera/gøra/gerva/gørva, OSw. g(j)æra/g(j)øra
· 'make, do' weak 3 ; pres. gerir/gørir/gervir/gørir, pret. gørði/gerði, perf. görr ; w/acc.
· gerask (refl.) 'become, make oneself into'
gestr, OSw. g(j)æstær
· 'guest' masc. i-st.
geta
· strong V
· 'may'
· 'be able to, have the possibility to' (cf. kunna)
· 'speak of, mention'
gipt
· 'gift' fem. i-st.
gipta
· 'marry off' weak 3 gipti ; w/acc. and dat. ; Þá kaus hann at gifta Áka dóttur sína 'Then he chose to marry his daughter off to Áki (dat.)'
· giptask 'marry' ; w/dat.
gjald, OSw. gjald (> gjæld)
· 'payment' neut. a-st. ; Hann hafði á Englandi tvau gjald tekit 'He had [.. in England (for not ravaging it)'
gjalda, OSw. gjalda(> gjælda)/gælda
· strong III ; (pret. 1st and 3rd sing. galt, 2nd pers. gal(t)st)
· 'pay' ; w/acc. and dat. ; at þit gjaldið þeim skatt eða berizk við hann ella 'that you pay tax to them or else fight with him'
· 'pay for' ; Þessara orða skaltu gjalda 'For these word you shall pay'
gjalla, OSw. gælla
· 'sound, call' strong III ; Þá heyrir þú hrafna gjalla 'Then you hear ravens cry'
gjöf, OSw. gjaf (> gjæf)
· 'gift' fem. ô-st.
gjöfull
· 'generous'
glaðr, OSw. glaþær
· 'happy'
gleði, OSw. glæþi
· 'happiness' fem. în-st.
gleðja
· 'make happy' weak 2 gladdi
glíkr
· 'alike' adj. ; an older form of líkr
glíma
· 'wrestle'
gluggr
· 'window' masc. a-st.
gløggr/glöggr, OSw. glæggær
· 'obvious, visible' va-st. adj.
gnógr
· 'enough, sufficient' adj. ; an older form of líkr
goð
· '(pagan) god' neut. a-st.
goði
· 'pagan priest' masc. an-st.
góðr, OSw. goþær
· 'good' ; comp. betri – baztr/beztr
golf (> gólf)
· 'floor' neut. a-st.
gramr, OSw. grambær
· 'angry'
granda
· 'injure' weak 1 ; w/dat.
gremja
· weak 2 'make angry'
grenja
· weak 1 'shout, yell, howl'
grið
· 'safe conduct, peace' neut. a-st. ; Gaf hann þá grið þeim, sem eftir váru 'He then gave safe conduct to those who were left'
grimmr, OSw. grimbær/grymbær
· 'cruel'
gripr, OSw. gripær
· 'precious thing' masc. i-st.
gruna
· 'believe, suspect' weak 1 ; impersonal, w/acc. ; Svá grunar mik, at banadagr minn muni vera á morgun 'That I suspect, that my death day might be tomorrow'
gröf, OSw. graf
· 'grave' fem. ô-st.
gull
· 'gold' neut. a-st.
gumi
· 'man' (poetic word) masc. an-st.
gunnr/guðr
· 'battle' (poetic word) fem. iô-st.
gyðja
· 'pagan priestess' fem. ôn-st.
gýgr
· 'giantess' fem. iô-st. ; (fem. gýgjar)
gæta
· 'watch over, protect' weak 3 gætti ; w/gen.
gøra/gørva, OSw. g(j)øra
· see gera
gørsimi/gersimi, OSw. gærsæmi/gørsim/...
· 'valuable/precious thing' fem. în-st., OSw. also fem. ô-st. or i-st. ; plur. like ô-st. – plur. nom. gørsimar
göltr, OSw. galtær
· 'boar' masc. u-st.
görla, OSw. gørla
· 'completely' adv.
görr, OSw. gørr
· 'made, done' adj. ; funxions as a perf. participle to the verb gera

H

haf
· 'sea' neut. a-st.
hafa
· 'have' weak 4 ; i-umlaut in pres. sing. hefir or older hefr (but pres. plur. hafa, pret. hafði, perf. hafðr)
hafr
· 'ram' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem – gen. hafrs
halda
· 'hold, keep' red. III ; (pret. helt – heldu) ; w/dat. ;
halfr, OSw. halvær
· 'half'
halr
· 'man' (poetic word) masc. i-st.
hamarr
· 'hammer' masc. a-st. (ham(a)r-)
hamingja
· 'luck' fem. jôn-st.
hanga
· 'hang' red. III ; like weak 3 in pres. tense (3rd pers. hangir etc.), pret. hekk – hengum ; intrans. (the trans. verb is hengja)
hann
· 'he' masc. pers. pron.
hár
· 'hair' neut. a-st.
hár/hór, OSw. høghær
· 'high' adj. va-st. (masc. plur. hávir) ; comp. hæri – hæstr
harðla/harla
· 'very' adv.
harðr, OSw. harþær
· 'hard'
hark
· 'noise' neut. a-st.
hásæti
· 'seat of honour' neut. ia-st. ; hár 'high' + sæti 'seat'
háttr
· 'sort, kind' masc. u-st.
haugr, OSw. høghær
· 'burial mound' masc. a-st.
haust, OSw. høstær
· 'autumn' neut. a-st., OSw. masc. a-st.
hefja, OSw. hæfja
· strong VI ; (pret. hóf – hófu)
· 'lift'
· 'begin' ; ok hófu þeir sitt einvígi 'and they began their duel'
hefna, OSw. hæmna/hæmpna
· 'avenge' weak 3 -di ; w/gen. ; Hann vildi hefna föður síns á Þorgný jarli 'He wanted to avenge his father on earl Þorgný'
hefnd, OSw. hæmnd/hæmpd/hæmd
· 'revenge' fem.
heiðinn, OSw. heþinn
· 'heathen, non-christian' adj.
heiðr, OSw. heþær
· 'honour' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem – gen. heiðr-s
heiðr, OSw. heþ
· 'heath' fem. iô-st.
heilagr, OSw. helaghær
· 'holy' ; (stem heil(a)g- – masc. acc. helg-an (without the /i/))
heill, OSw. hell
· 'whole, healthy' adj. – Vestu heill! 'Hail!', 'Greetings!'
heim, OSw. hem
· 'home' adv.
heimr, OSw. hembær
· 'world' masc.
heimskr
· 'stupid' adj.
heit
· 'promise, vow' neut. a-st.
heita, OSw. heta
· pret.pres.
· 'call; promise' ; (pres. heitr) ; w/dat. ; Þau hétu son sinn Helga 'They called their son Helgi', Allir höfðingjar hétu honum trúnaði 'All the chiefs promised him loyalty'
· 'be called' ; 3rd weak inflection in pres. – 3rd pers. heitir (not heitr like above) ; Sá hét Angantýr 'He was called A.'
hel
· 'land of the dead; Death' fem. jô-st. ; til heljar or í hel 'to death'
heldr, OSw. hældær/hællær
· 'rather' adv. comp. to gjarna ; Þá munum vér heldr berjast en gipta þeim manni dóttur vára 'Then we might rather fight, then marry our daughter off to that man', Þat er ekki dýr, heldr er þat tröll 'That is not an animal, it's rather a troll'
· 'but rather' conj. ;
· '(not) either' adv.
hella
· 'flat rock' fem. ôn-st.
hellir
· 'cave' masc. ia-st.
helzt, OSw. hælzt
· '' adv. superl. to gjarna
hér
· 'here'
herfang
· 'booty' neut. a-st.
herðr, OSw. hærþ
· 'shoulder' fem. iô-st.
herja, OSw. hærja
· 'ravage' weak 1 ; herja á land 'ravage a land'
hernaðr
· 'war' masc. a-st. ; Hann var hvert sumar í hernaði 'He went to war every summer'
heróp
· 'war-cry' neut. a-st. ; herr 'army' + óp 'cry' ; Skjótt eftir þat œptu hvárirtveggju heróp 'Short after that they both cried war-cries'
herr, OSw. hærr
· 'army' masc. i-st. ; gen. herjar
herör
· 'fiery cross' (lit. 'army-arrow') fem. va-st. ; ''
hestr, OSw. hæstær
· 'horse' masc. a-st.
hey, OSw. hø
· 'hey' neut. ja-st.
heyra, OSw. høra
· 'hear' weak 3 -ði
hildr
· 'battle' (poetic word) fem. iô-st.
hingat
· 'this way, hereto'
hinn
· 'this one; the other one' pron.
hirð
· 'retinue' fem. i-st.
hirðir, OSw. hirþi
· 'shepard' masc. ia-st., OSw. masc. an-st.
OSw. hiskapær/hæskapær
· 'family, household' mask. a-st.
hitta
· 'find, meet' weak 3 hitti
· hittask (refl.) 'meet' (intrans.)
hjalmr (> hjálmr), OSw. hjalmbær (> hjælmbær)
· 'helmet' masc.
hjalpa (> hjálpa, OSw. hjælpa)
· 'help' strong III ; w/dat.
hjalt
· '' neut. a-st.
hjarta, OSw. hjarta (> hjærta)
· 'heart' neut. an-st.
hjörr
· 'sword' (poetic word) masc. va-st.
hlátr, OSw. latær
· 'laughter' masc. a-st. ; gen. -ar ; stem hlátr- – gen. hlátr-ar
hlaupa, OSw. løpa
· 'run' red. II ; (pret. hljóp – hljópu)
hlið, OSw. liþ
· 'side' fem. ô-st. ; dat. hliðu
hlíð, OSw. liþ
· 'hill, slope' fem. i-st.
hljóð
· 'silence' neut. a-st.
hljóðr
· 'silent'
hljóta, OSw. ljuta
· '' strong II ; Hann hlaut af þessu mikla frægð ''
hluti
· 'part; lot, share' masc. an-st. ; inn fyrra hluta nætrinnar 'the first part of the night'
hlutr, OSw. lutær
· 'lot, share' masc. i-st.
hlýða, OSw. lyþa
· weak 3 hlýddi
· 'listen' ; Þér mun ek þó segja, en þú munt hlýða 'I shall now tell you, and you shall listen'
· 'obey' ; Hlýð þú boði mínu! 'Follow my advice!'
hlæja, OSw. leja
· 'laugh' strong VI ; pret. hló – hlógu, perf. hleginn
hof
· 'temple' neut. a-st.
holmganga
· 'duel' fem. ôn-st. ; Ok um morguninn tókst þar hörð holmganga 'And in the morning a rough duel began'
hón, hon
· 'she' fem. pers. pron.
horfa
· 'face' weak 3 -ði
horn
· 'horn' neut. a-st. ; Taktu viþ horni ok drekk! 'Take the horn and drink!'
hrafn, OSw. rafn (> ramn)
· 'raven' masc. a-st.
hreysti
· 'courage' fem. în-st.
hríð
· 'while' fem. i-st.
hringr, OSw. ringær
· 'ring' masc. a-st.
hross, OSw. ross
· 'horse, mare' neut. a-st.
hræddr, OSw. ræddær
· 'afraid'
hræða, OSw. ræþa
· 'scare' weak 3 hræddi ; the perf. part. hræddr, OSw. ræddær is used as an adj. meaning 'afraid'
· hræðask, OSw. ræþas (refl.) 'be afraid, become afraid'
hræðilegr
· 'dreadful, horrible'
hrœra (> hræra), OSw. røra
· 'move' (trans.) weak 3 ; hrœra sik 'move' (intrans.) ; Halfdan gat nú hvergi hrœrt sik 'Now H. could not move anywhere'
hugall
· 'careful'
hugr, OSw. hughær
· 'mind; soul' masc. i-st.
hugrakkr
· 'fearless, brave'
hugsa
· 'think, remember' weak 1
hundrað
· 'hundred' neut. a-st.
hús
· 'house' neut. a-st.
húsfreyja, OSw. husfrøa/husprea
· 'housewife' fem. jôn-st.
hvaðan
· 'wherefrom' adv.
hvalr
· 'whale' masc. i-st.
hvar
· 'where' adv.
hvargi
· 'wherever' adv. ; Kristr hjalpi Þorsteini hvargi sem hann ferr 'May Christ help Th. wherever he goes'
hvárrgi
· 'neither (of two)' indef. pron. ; Þeir börðusk lengi ok varð hvárrgi sárr 'They fought for a long time, and neither was wounded'
· 'which ever (of two)' indef. pron.
hvárki
· 'neither' ; conj. ; Hann hafði áðr heitit, at flýja hvárki eld né jarn 'He had sworn earlier, to flee from neither fire nor iron'
hvárr
· 'each (of two), both' indef. pron.
· hvárr ... annarr 'eachother' ; ok skal hvárr hefna annars 'and on shall avenge the other' i.e. 'and they shall avenge eachother'
hvárt
· 'whether' ; Þá spurði Oddr hvárt Grímr væri heima 'Then O. asked whether G. was at home'
· 'question:' (not translatable) ; Hvárt viltu berjask á sjó eða landi? 'Do you want to fight on the sea or on land'
hvárrtveggi
· 'each (of two), both' indef. pron. ; Bjuggusk nú hvárirtveggju til orrostu 'Both now prepared for battle' or Bjósk nú hvárrtveggi til orrostu 'Each one now prepared for battle'
hvass
· 'sharp'
hvat
· 'what' pron.
hvatr
· 'able, brave'
hvé
· 'how' adv.
hvégi
· 'however' adv.
hverfa, OSw. hwærva
· strong III ; (pret. plur. hurfu, perf. horfinn (loss of /v/ before /u/ and /o/))
· 'turn'
· 'disappear' ; Þá hvarf sá maðr á burtu 'Then that man disappeared'
hvergi
· 'each and everyone' indef. pron.
· 'noone' indef. pron.
hvergi, OSw. hwarghi
· 'nowhere; no way' adv. ;
hvernug/hvernig
· 'how?' adv.
hverr, OSw. hwarr
· 'who?, which?' interrog. pron.
· 'each, anyone' indef. pron.
· hvarr ... annarr 'eachother' ; ok ganga hvárir móti öðrum 'and they walked towards each other' (lit. 'each walked towards (the) other')
hvert, OSw. hwart
· 'whereto' adv.
hvetja
· weak 2 hvatti
· 'sharpen' ; w/gen [?]
· 'egg on' ; w/acc ; Ek hvatta Hrólf konung at sœkja heim Aðils konung 'I egged king H. on to visit king A.'
hví
· 'why' adv., conj.
hvítr, OSw. hwitær
· 'white'
hýbýli/híbýli
· 'house, home' neut. ia-st. (always plur.)
hyggja
· 'mind' fem. jôn-st.
hyggja
· 'think' weak 2 hugði
hætta
· 'stop, end' weak 3 hætti ; w/dat. ; Hætta þeir nú sínu tali 'They now end their conversation'
hætta
· 'risk, endanger' weak 3 hætti ; w/dat.
hættiligr
· 'dangerous'
hœfa (> hæfa), OSw. høva
· weak 3 -ði
· 'be suitable' ; Ekki ertu svá sterkr sem þér hœfir 'You are not as strong as you should be'
· 'succed, reach one's goal'
hœfiligr (> hæfilegr)
· 'suitable'
hœgr (> hægr)
· 'easy, comfortable'
höfðingi
· 'chief, leader' masc. jan-st.
höfn, OSw. hafn (> hamn)
· 'harbour' fem. i-st.
höfuð, OSw. hovuþ
· 'head' neut. a-st. (stem höf(u)ð-)
högg, OSw. hugg
· 'cut, strike' neut. va-st.
höggva, OSw. hugga
· 'cut' red. II ; pret. hjó
höll, OSw. hall
· 'hall' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
hönd, OSw. hand
· 'hand' fem. root-noun ; dat. hendi
hörgr, OSw. harghær
· '(pagan) altar'

I, Í

í
· 'in, into' prep. w/acc.
· 'in, inside' prep. w/dat.
iðrask
· 'regret' weak 1 ; w/gen. ; Þessa skiptis munu vit iðrask síðar 'We will regret this later'
illa
· 'badly' adv. ; comp. verr – verst
illr, OSw. ildær
· 'bad, evil' ; comp. verri – verstr
illvirki
· 'evil deed' neut. ia-st.
inn
· 'the' pron.
íss
· 'ice' masc. a-st.
íþrótt
· 'sports; skill' fem. i-st.

J

já
· 'yes'
jafn, OSw. jafn (> jamn/jampn > jæmn/jæmpn)
· 'even' adj.
· jafn- 'evenly ...' (jafnmikill 'evenly great' etc.)
jarl, OSw. jarl (> jærl)
· 'earl' masc. a-st.
jarn (> járn, OSw. jærn)
· 'iron' neut. a-st.
jól, OSw. jul
· 'christmas, yule' neut. a-st. (always plur.) ; At jólum helt konungr veizlu dýrliga 'At christmas the king threw a costly party'
jór
· 'horse' (poetic word) masc. a-st.
jörð, OSw. jorþ
· 'earth' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
jötunn, OSw. jatunn
· 'giant' masc. a-st. (stem jöt(u)n- – plur. jötnar)

K

kaldr, OSw. kaldær
· 'cold' adj.
kalla
· weak 1 ; w/acc.
· 'call, shout' ; Konungr kallaði hann til sín ''
· 'call, name' ; Þess háttar menn kölluðu menn dverga 'That kind of men, men called dwarves'
kanna
· 'inspect, examine, get to know' weak 1
karl
· 'man' masc. a-st.
kasta
· 'throw' weak 1 ; w/dat.
kátr
· 'happy, merry'
kaupa, OSw. køpa
· 'buy' weak 3 ; pret. keypti, perf. keyptr
kefli, OSw. kafli
· 'piece of wood' neut. ia-st.
kenna, OSw. kænna
· weak 3 kenndi ; w/acc.
· 'know, recognize'
· 'teach'
· 'accuse of'
kennimaðr, OSw. kænnimaðær
· 'teacher' masc. root-noun
OSw. kænniswen
· 'pupil' masc. a-st.
kerling
· 'old woman' fem. ô-st. ; dat. kerlingu
ketill
· 'kettle' masc. a-st. ; no i-umlaut in syncopated cases – plur. katli
kjöt, OSw. køt/kjot(> kjøt)
· 'meat' neut. va-st.
kljúfa, OSw. kljuva (> klyva)
· 'cleave, cut in half' strong II ; w/acc.
klæði
· 'clothes' neut. ia-st. (always plur.)
kné, OSw. knæ
· 'knee' neut. a-st.
knífr, OSw. knivær
· 'knife' masc. a-st.
knörr
· 'trade ship' masc. u-st.
koma
· 'come' strong IV koma – kom – kvámu/kómu – kominn
kon
· 'sort' only in expressions like
· alls konar, OSw. alls kyns 'all sorts of'
· þess konar 'that kind of'
kona
· 'woman, wife' fem. ôn-st. ; gen. plur. kvenna
konungr
· 'king' masc. a-st.
kostr
· masc. i-st.
· 'choice, alternative' ; Á þingi gerðu þeir honum tvá kosti 'At the "thing" they gave him two alternatives', ok þótti hún inn besti kostr þar í Gautlandi 'and she seemed (to be) the best choice (for marriage) there in Geatland'
· 'case'
· ''
kuml
· 'memorial, monument' neut. a-st.
kraptr, OSw. kraft/kraftær
· 'power' mask a-st., OSw. also fem. i-st.
kuml
· 'memorial, monument' neut. a-st.
kunna
· 'be able to, know how to' (cf. geta) pret.pres. 4 ; pres. kann – kunnu, pret. kunni, perf. kunnat ; with (at and) infinitive ; því at ek kann ekki at hræðast 'because I cannot be afraid', Þat kann ek at segja þér, at ... 'That I can tell you, that ...'
kunnigr
· 'known, familiar' ; never syncopated – masc. acc. kunnigan ; Ek vil yðr kunnigt gera mitt erendi 'I want to make my errand known to you'
kveða
· 'recite a poem, say' strong V ; w/
kveðja
· 'greeting' fem. jôn-st.
kveðja
· 'greet' weak 2 kvaddi ; w/acc.
kveld, OSw. kwældær(kwæll-)/kwæll
· 'evening' neut. a-st., OSw. also masc. a-st.
kvelja
· 'torture, torment' weak 2 kvalði ; w/acc.
kviðr
· 'stomach' masc. u-st.
kvíða
· 'worry' weak 3 kvíddi
kvikr/kykr
· 'alive' va-st. (fem. plur. kvikvar)
kvæði
· 'poem' neut. ia-st.
kylfa
· 'club' fem. ôn-st.
kyn
· 'clan, race, sort, sex' neut. ja-st.
kýr, OSw. ko
· 'cow' fem. root-noun ; stem kú-, nom. ending -r, gen. ending also -r
kyrr
· 'calm, still' ; en Illugi lá kyrr ok hrærði hvergi á sér 'but I. lay still and did not move himself at all'
· um kyrrt 'still' (mostly 'without going to war') ; Sitja þeir nú þar um kyrrt um vetrinn ''
kyrtill, OSw. kjurtill
· 'coat' masc. a-st.
kyssa
· 'kiss' weak 3 kyssti
kæra
· 'complain (about), grumble' weak 3 ; w/acc. ; Mikinn skaða kærið ér fyrir mér 'Great misfortune do you complain about before me'
kæti
· 'merriment' neut. ia-st.
köttr, OSw. kattær
· 'cat' masc. u-st.

L

land
· 'land' neut. a-st.
landvarnarmaðr
· 'landprotector' masc. root-noun
langr
· 'long'
láta
· red. IV
· 'let, allow' ; Þeir létu bœndr ok kaupmenn fara í friði 'They let peasants and merchants go in peace'
· 'order to' ; the subject of the infinitive can be left out ; Þá lét hann gera bál mikit 'Then he had a large pyre made'
· 'let go' ; Lét hann þá meyna lausa 'He then let the maiden lose'
· 'leave, leave behind, lose' ; láta lif sitt 'die' (lit. lose one's life)
· 'pretend' ; Hjalmþér lét sem hann heyrði ekki 'H. pretended that he did not hear'
· 'sound' ; ''
· látask (refl.) 'die'
laug, OSw. løgh
· 'bath' fem. ô-st.
laun, OSw. løn
· 'pay, reward' neut. a-st. (always plur.)
lauss, OSw. løss
· 'lose, free' ; stem laus- – masc. plur. lausir
leggja, OSw. læggja
· 'put, lay' weak 2 lagði
leið, OSw. leþ
· fem. ô-st. or i-st.
· 'way'
· 'way, manner' ; þessa leið 'this way'
leiða, OSw. leþa
· 'lead' weak 3 leiddi
leiðr, OSw. leþær
· 'unpleasant'
leika, OSw. leka
· 'play, compete; dance' red. I
leita, OSw. leta
· 'search, search for' weak 1 ; w/gen.
· leita eptir or leita at 'search for' ; w/dat.
lemja
· 'cripple, maim' weak 2 lamði
lengi
· 'for a long time' adv.
létta
· 'lift; stop' weak 3 létti ; w/dat. ; Léttir Halfdan eigi ferð sinni, fyrr en hann kømr til Englands 'H. does not end his journey until he comes to England'
léttr, OSw. lættær
· 'light (not heavy)' adj.
leyfa
· 'allow' weak 3 ; w/acc. and dat.
leyfi
· 'permission' neut. ia-st.
leysa, OSw. løsa
· 'loose(n), release, set free' weak 3 -ti ; w/acc. ; ok hefir þú leyst mik úr miklum nauðum 'and you have set me free from great distress'
lið
· 'help (often in the shape of troops); people, troop' neut. a-st. ; ''
líða
· 'pass (about time)' strong I ; Leið nú vetrinn 'The winter now drew on'
líf
· 'life' neut. a-st.
lifa
· 'be alive' weak 4 lifði
líflát
· 'death' (lit. 'leaving of life') neut. a-st.
liggja
· 'lie' strong V ; pret. lá – lágu, pret. leginn
lík
· 'body, corpse' neut. a-st.
líka
· 'please, be liked' weak 1 ; w/dat.
líkamr/líkami
· 'body' masc. i-st. or an-st.
líkr/glíkr, OSw. likær
· 'alike' adj.
limr, OSw. limbær
· 'limb' masc. u-st.
lín
· 'flax' neut. a-st.
líta
· 'look' strong I ; líta til or líta á 'look at' ; w/gen. and acc. respectively
lítill
· 'little' ; comp. minni – minstr ; neut. lítit or lítt
litr
· 'colour; appearance; face' masc. u-st. ; Litr hans var stundum rauðr, en stundum blár 'His colour was now red now blue'
lítt
· 'little' adv. ; also lítit ; comp. minnr – minst
ljá, OSw. le(j)a
· 'lend' weak léði, OSw. læþi ; w/gen. and dat., or acc. and dat. ; Óðinn léði Dag geirs síns 'Ó. lended his spear to D.'
ljótr
· 'ugly'
ljúfr, OSw. ljuvær
· 'pleasant, sweet'
ljúga, OSw. ljugha
· 'lie' strong II ; pret. sing. ló or laug
lof
· neut. a-st.
· 'permission'
· 'praise'
lofa
· weak 1
· 'allow, give permission'
· 'praise' ; ok lofuðu allir hans kunnáttu ok dugnað 'and they all praised his skill and capability'
logi
· 'flame' masc. an-st.
lúka
· strong II ; w/dat.
· 'close' ;
· 'end' ; Ok er konungr lauk sínu máli 'And when the king ended his speech', ok lauk svá, at hann drap þá alla 'and (it) ended thus, that he killed them all'
· lúka upp 'lock up, open'
lund
· 'way, manner' fem.
lýðr, OSw. ljuþær/lyþær
· 'people' masc. i-st.
lyf
· 'cure, medicin, potion' fem. iô-stem
lyfja
· 'cure, heal' weak 1 ; Nú lyfjaða ek þér elli 'Now I cured your old age'
lykill, OSw. lykill/nykill
· 'key' masc. a-st. ; no i-umlaut in syncopated cases – plur. luklar
læra
· 'learn' weak 3 -ði
lög, OSw. lagh
· 'law' neut. a-st. (plur.)

M

maðr, OSw. maþær
· 'human, person' masc. root-noun ; stem mann- (/nnr/ becomes /ðr/)
mágr, OSw. maghær
· 'son-in-law, brother-in-law, stepfather' masc. a-st.
mál
· neut. a-st.
· 'what is said, speach, language' ; Hann hafði hest þann, er kunni manns máli 'He had that horse, that knew human speach'
· 'matter, affair' ; Eptir þetta berr hún málit fyrir þá Áka ok Á smund
máni
· 'moon' masc. an-st.
manngi
· 'nobody' indef. pron.
mannraun
· 'manhood test' ; fem. ; Ölvir styrkti hann í öllum mannraunum 'Ö. assisted him in all manhood tests'
margr, OSw. marghær
· 'many a' adj., pron. ; inflected like an adj. ; margr maðr 'many a man', margir menn 'many men'
mark
· 'mark (of recognition)' neut. a-st.
marr
· 'sea' (poetic word) masc. i-st.
marr
· 'horse' masc. a-st. or i-st.
matr
· 'food' masc. i-st.
með
· 'with, bringing' ; w/acc. (or dat.) ; Sigurðr ríðr nú í brott með þat mikla gull 'S. now rides away with all the gold', Konungrinn gengr út með hirð sína 'The king goes out with his retinue' (leading them, that is)
· 'with, together with' ; w/dat. ; Með konungi váru tveir menn 'With the king were two men'
· 'with, at, by' ; w/dat.
· 'with, using' ; w/dat. ; Hann hjó til Gríms með sverði 'He struck at G. with a sword'
meðal
· 'middle' neut. ; á meðal or á milli/á millum/í milli/-um (< miðli/-um) 'between, in the middle of' ; w/gen.
meðan
· 'meanwhile; while, as long as' adv., conj.
mega, OSw. magha
· 'be able to' pret.pres. 5 ; pres. má – megu, pret. mátti, perf. megat/mátt ; '', ''
megin
· 'strength, power' neut. a-st. ; stem meg(i)n- – dat. megn-i
meiðr
· 'tree' (poetic word) masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar
meinvættr
· 'evil being' fem. i-st.
meira
· 'more' adv. comp. to mjök
meiri
· 'greater, larger' adj. comp. to mikill
men
· 'necklace' neut. ja-st.
merki
· 'mark, bordermark' neut. ia-st. (gen. plur. merkja)
mest
· 'most' adv. superl. to mjök
mestr
· 'greatest, largest' adj. superl. to mikill
miðr
· 'middle' adj. ja-st.
mikill
· 'large; mighty' ; comp. meirri – mestr
mildr
· 'generous'
milli
· see meðal
minni
· 'memory, remembrance' neut. ia-st.
minni
· 'smaller' adj. ; comp. to lítill
minnr/miðr
· 'less' adv. ; comp. to lítt/lítit
minst
· 'least' adv. ; superl. to lítt/lítit
minstr
· 'smallest' adj. ; superl. to lítill
mjór
· 'narrow' adj. va-st.
mjöðr, OSw. mjoþær
· 'mead' masc. u-st.
mjök, OSw. mjok
· 'very' adv. ; comp. meir – mest
móðir
· 'mother' fem. r-st.
móðr
· 'wrath' masc. a-st.
móðr
· 'tired' adj.
morginn/morgunn
· 'morning' masc. a-st.
mót
· 'meeting' neut. a-st.
· til móts við 'to meet' ; w/acc. ; Síðan gengu þeir til móts við jarl 'Then they went to meet the earl'
· (á/í) móti/mót 'towards, against' ; w/dat. ;
muna
· 'remember' pret.pres. 4 ; pres. man – munu, pret. munði/mundi, perf. munaðr
munnr/muðr
· 'mouth' masc. a-st. ; (stem munn-, but /nn/ becomes /ð/ before the nom. ending -r)
munu
· pret.pres. 4 ; pres. mun – munu, pret. mundi, perf. –
· 'shall, will' ; Vit munum ganga upp á land 'We shall go up on land'
· 'may, might'
myrða
· 'murder' weak 3 myrði ; w/acc.
myrkr
· 'dark' va-st. (fem. plur. myrkvar)
mægð
· 'kinship through marriage' fem. i-st. ; also plur. with the same meaning
mæla
· 'speak, say' weak 3 mælti
mær
· 'maiden' fem. jô-st. ; in all other cases the stem is mey-, OSw. mø-
mærr
· 'famous'
mœðgin (> mæðgin)
· 'mother and son(s)' neut. a-st. (plur. only)
mœðgur (> mæðgur)
· 'mother and daughter(s)' fem. ôn-st. (plur. only)
mœta (> mæta), OSw. møta
· 'meet' weak 3 mœtti ; w/dat.
mörk, OSw. mark
· 'forest' fem. i-st.
mörk, OSw. mark
· 'mark (a coin); mark (a weight)' fem. root-noun ; gen. merkr

N

ná
· 'reach, obtain' weak náði ; w/dat.
nafn, OSw. nafn (> namn/nampn)
· 'name' neut. a-st.
nagl
· 'nail' masc. root-noun ; (gen. nagls dat. negli etc.) plur. negl
nakkvarr/nökkurr
· 'someome, anyone, some' indef. pron.
nánd
· 'vicinity' fem.
nár
· 'corpse' masc. i-st. ; dat. nái
náttverðr/nótturðr, OSw. natværþær/natvarþær/naturþær
· 'supper' masc. u-st. ; dat. -verði, OSw. -værþi
nauð/nauðr, OSw. nøþ
· 'distress, need' fem. i-st. (with or without the ending -r in nom. sing.)
nauðig/nauðugr
· 'forced, unwilling' ; ok gerir hann þat nauðugr 'and he does it unwilling(ly)'
nauðsyn
· 'distress, need' fem. jô-st.
né
· 'neither, and not ... either, nor' conj.
nefna, OSw. næfna (> næmna/næmpna)
· 'name, call' weak 3 -di
nei, OSw. ne
· 'no'
neinn
· 'noone' (only after a negation) indef. pron.
nema
· strong IV
· 'take'
· 'learn' ; ok nam hann margt at henni 'and he learnt a lot from her'
nema
· 'unless, if not' conj.
net, OSw. næt
· 'net' neut. ja-st.
níð
· 'defamation' neut. a-st.
níðingr
· 'honourless person' masc. ; Verði sá níðingr, er eigi heldr orð sín 'May he be an honourless man, he who does not keep his word'
niðr
· 'decendant' masc. ja-st.
niðr
· 'down' adv.
níu
· 'nine' num.
njóta, OSw. njuta
· 'enjoy' strong II ; Þiggið gullit ok njótið vel 'Take the gold and enjoy it well'
nóg/gnógr, OSw. noghær
· 'enough, sufficient' adj.
norðr, OSw. norþær
· 'north' adv.
norrœnn
· 'norse'
nótt, OSw. natt
· 'night' fem. root-noun
nýr
· 'new' ja-st. (fem. plur. nýjar)
nytja
· weak 1 'use'
nær
· 'close to' prep., adv. ; w/dat. ; nær miðri nótt 'close to midnight'
· 'when' conj.
næstr
· 'closest (to)' adj. superl. ; w/dat.
nökkurr
· see nakkvarr

O, Ó

ó-
· 'un-'
oddr, OSw. oddær/uddær
· 'tip, arrowhead' masc. a-st.
óðal
· 'property, real estate' neut. a-st. ; stem óð(a)l- – dat. óðli
of
· 'too' adv.
ofrefli
· 'superior force' neut. ia-st. ; Þótti þeim þat ekki ofrefli 'It did not seem like a superior force to them'
ok
· 'and' conj.
· 'too' adv.
opt
· 'often' adv.
ór/úr
· 'out of' prep. w/dat.
orð
· 'word' neut. a-st.
ormr, OSw. ormbær
· 'snake' masc. a-st.
ósk
· 'wish' fem. i-st.
óvættr
· 'evil being' fem. i-st.
oxi
· 'ox' see uxi

P

penningr
· 'coin' masc.
prestr
· 'christian priest' masc. i-st.
pungr
· 'pouch, purse' masc.

R

ráð
· neut. a-st.
· '(good) advice' ; Jarli þykkir þetta gott ráð 'The earl thought this (was) good advice'
· 'decision'
ráða
· red. IV
· 'govern, rule (over)' ; also ráða fyrir ; w/dat. ; Hringr hét konungr, er réð fyrir Svíþjóð 'H. was the name of a king who ruled over Sweden'
· 'advise'
· ráða um 'deliberate' ; Þeir báru saman ráð sín ok réðu lengi um 'They got their advice together and deliberated for a long time'
· 'interpret'
· ráðask (refl.) 'get ready' ; Tók hún þá skjöld ok sverð ok réðst til ferðar 'She then picked up a shield and sword and got ready to leave'
· ráða til 'get ready for' ; Inn mikli maðr réð til uppgöngu á drekann 'The large man got ready for entering the ship'
rauðr, OSw. røþær
· 'red'
regin
· '"the powers", the gods' neut. a-st. (plur. only) ; stem megin-/magn- (without i-umlaut in syncopated cases!) – dat. magn-i
reið
· 'waggon' fem. ô-st.
reiða
· 'swing' weak 3 reiddi ; Því reiddi hann sverðit með miklu afli 'Therefore he swinged the sword with great force'
reiðask, OSw. vreþas
· 'get angry (at)' weak 3 reiddisk ; w/dat. ; also reiðask við w/acc. ; Siggeir konungr reiddist við þessi orð 'King S. got angry because of these words'
reiðr, OSw. wreþær
· 'angry'
reisa, OSw. resa
· 'erect' weak 3 reisti ; w/acc.
reka, OSw. wræka
· strong V
· 'drive away, depose' ; Svíar eiga konung at taka ok svá reka 'Swedes can choose a king as well as depose'
· 'set into motion, throw' ;
rekkja
· 'bed' fem. jôn-st.
rekkr
· 'man; warrior' masc.
renna, OSw. rinna/rænna
· 'run; flow' strong III
réttr, OSw. rættær
· 'straight; right' adj.
réttr, OSw. rættær
· 'right' masc. u-st. or i-st.
reykr, OSw. røkær
· 'smoke' masc. i-st. ; gen. reyk-jar (old ja-st.)
reyna, OSw. røna
· 'experience; try' weak 3 -di ; Vera má, at svá sé, en ekki hefi ek reynt þat, Heldr vil ek reyna afl við þik
ríða
· 'ride' strong I ; w/dat.
rif
· 'rib' neut. ja-st.
rifna
· 'crumble' weak 1
ríki
· 'kingdom' neut. ia-st. (gen. plur. ríkja)
ríkr
· 'mighty' ja-st. (fem. plur. ríkjar)
rísa
· 'arise' strong I
rísta
· 'carve' strong I ; w/acc.
rjóða
· 'colour red (with blood)' strong II
rjúfa
· 'tear up, tear apart' strong II ; því at þær rjúfa jafnan sín heit 'because they always break their oaths'
róa
· 'row' red. V ; pret. reri/røri
rún
· 'rune' fem. ô-st.
ryðja
· 'clear (land)' weak 2 ruddi ; Þeir fara norðr um Væni ok ruddu þar markir 'They go north of Vænir and cleared land', Tóku þeir þá ok ruddu drekann 'They then took and cleared the warship'
ræna
· 'rob' weak 3 -ti ; w/acc. and dat. ; Ek vil ok aldri konur ræna 'Also, I will never rob women'

S

sá
· 'that one' dem. pron. (masc.)
saga
· 'story' fem. ôn-st.
saklauss, OSw. sakløss
· 'innocent'
sál (= söl)
· 'soul' fem. i-st.
saman
· 'together' adv.
sami
· 'same' adj. ; only weak inflexion
sannr, OSw. sandær
· 'true' (neut. satt)
sár
· 'wound'
sárr
· 'wounded'
sax
· 'short sword' neut. a-st.
sé
· see vera/vesa
seggr
· 'man; warrior' masc. i-st. ; gen. -s
segja, OSw. sæghja/sighja
· 'say' weak 4 ; i-umlaut in pres. only, pret. sagði ; (pres. segir, but older also strong (segr)) ; w/
seiðr
· 'magic' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar
seinn, OSw. senn
· 'late' ; comp. seinni – seinstr
selja, OSw. sælja
· 'sell, give' weak 3 ; pret. seldi! (with i-umlaut)
sem
· 'who, that, which' rel. particle., conj. (= es/er) ; Heyra þetta tröllin, þau sem í hellinum váru 'The trolls, those who were in the cave, hear this'
· 'like, as' comp. particle, conj. ; Stórr var hann sem risi 'He was large as a giant'
senda, OSw. sænda
· 'send' weak 3 sendi ; w/acc. and dat.
setja/setta, OSw. sætja/sætta
· 'make sit, put' weak 2 ; pret. setti! (with i-umlaut)
· setjask 'sit down'
sétti
· 'sixth' num.
sex
· 'six' num.
síð
· 'late' adv. ; comp. síðar 'later' – síðast
siðr
· 'custom' masc. u-st.
síðr
· 'long' (used about clothes and beards)
síga
· 'sink' strong I ; pret. sing. seig or (older) sé
sigla
· 'sail' weak 3 sigldi
sigr, OSw. sighær
· 'victory' masc. a-st. or i-st. ; stem sigr- – gen. sigr-s or sigr-ar
silfr
· 'silver' neut. a-st. ; stem silfr- – gen. silfrs
sinn/sinni
· 'time, occasion' neut. a-st. and ia-st. respectively ;
sinn
· 'his, her, its, their' reflexive possessive pronoun
sitja
· 'sit' strong V sitja – sat – sátu – setinn
sjá
· 'this one' dem. pron. (masc.)
sjá, OSw. sea
· 'see' strong V (sjá-sá-ságu-sénn) ; w/acc.
sjalfr (> sjálfr), OSw. sjalvær (> sjælvær)
· 'self' pron.
sjau, OSw. sju
· 'seven' num.
sjóða, OSw. sjuþa
· 'cook' strong II
sjór
· = sær 'see'
sjúkr
· 'sick'
skaði
· 'damage' masc. an-st.
skald (> skáld)
· 'poet' neut. a-st.
skáli
· 'main room, bedroom' masc. an-st.
skammr
· 'short'
skap
· 'mind' neut. a-st.
skatta
· 'impose tax (upon)' weak 1 ; w/acc.
skattr
· 'tax' masc. a-st.
skegg, OSw. skægg
· 'beard' neut. ja-st.
skemma
· 'small room' fem. ôn-st.
skemmta
· 'amuse, entertain' weak 3 skemmti ; w/dat. ; skemmta sér 'have fun'
skemmtun
· 'fun, entertainment' fem. i-st. ; gen. skemmtanar, ...
skera, OSw. skæra
· 'cut' strong IV ; w/
skíðgarðr
· 'fence' masc. a-st.
skilja
· weak 2 skilði
· 'separate' ; ''
· 'go separate ways' ; also skiljast (refl.) ; Nú munum vit hér skilja 'Now we shall here go separate ways'
· 'discern, distinguish' ;
· 'understand' ; Hann skildi fuglsrödd 'He understood birds' calls'
skip
· 'ship' neut. a-st.
skipa
· weak 1
· 'arrange' ; w/acc. ; Konungr skipaði fylkingar tvær 'The king arranged two wings (of the army)'
· 'impose, enjoin' ; w/dat. ; Jólgeirr skipaði Stíganda at halda vörð á skipi þeira 'J. imposed on S. to keep watch on their ships'
skipta
· weak 3 -ti ; w/dat.
· 'exchange' ; Ek vil skipta við þik vápnum 'I want to exchange weapons with you'
· 'divide' ; Skipti hann liði sínu í þrjá þriðjunga 'He divided his people into three thirds'
· 'distribute, deal out' ; Var nú síðan skipt herfangi 'Then the loot was distributed'
skipti
· neut. ia-st.
· 'distribution, partition' ; [Þá] tala þeir um arfskipti sín í milli 'Then they talk about the distribution of the estate among themselves'
· 'transactions, [?]' neut. ia-st. ;
skjóta, OSw. skjuta
· 'shoot' strong II ; w/dat. 'shoot an arrow' or w/acc. 'shoot a deer'
skjótr
· 'fast' adj.
skjöldr, OSw. skjoldær
· 'shield' masc. u-st.
skógr, OSw. skoghær
· 'forest' masc. a-st.
skora
· 'challenge' weak 1 ; Skoraði Framarr Ketil á holm 'F. challenged K. on a duel'
skorta
· 'lack' weak 3 ; impers. w/acc. ; Mik skortir eigi gull né silfr 'I do not lack neither gold nor silver'
skulu
· 'shall' pret.pres. 4 ; pres. skal – skulu, pret. skyldi, OSw. skuldi, perf. skyldr
skyldr
· 'obligated; related (and thus obligated to vengeance &c.)' (perf. ptcp. of skulu)
skynja
· 'check, investigate; realise; understand' weak 1 ; Sumir váru uppi á höllunni ok skynjuðu, hvat inni var 'Some were up on the hall and investigated what was inside', Skynja þykkisk ek hvat er hann vill 'I think I know what he wants'
slá
· 'hit' strong VI ; pret. sló – slágu, perf. sleginn ; w/acc. ; Konungr sló hana með hendi sinni 'The king hit her with his hand'
slíkr
· 'such'
smár
· 'little' ; comp. smæri
smíða
· 'smith, forge; make, construct' weak 1 ; w/acc. ; Þar smíðaði hann konungi alls kyns gørsimar 'There he forged all kinds of treasures for the king'
smíði
· 'forgering, something forged' neut. ia-st.
smiðja
· 'smithy' fem. jôn-st.
smiðr, OSw. smiþær
· 'smith' masc. a-st. or i-st.
snimma/snemma
· 'early' adv.
snjallr
· ''
snjór/snær, OSw. snjor
· 'snow' masc. va-st., OSw. masc. a-st.
snúa
· 'turn' red. ; pret. sneri/snøri
· snúask (refl.) 'turn around'
sofa
· 'sleep' strong IV ; pret. svaf – sváfu
sól
· 'sun' fem. ô-st. or i-st.
sómi
· 'honour' masc. an-st.
sóma
· 'befit, become' weak 3 -ði
sonr
· 'son' masc. u-st.
sótt
· 'disease' fem. i-st. ; taka sótt 'become ill'
spá
· 'tell fortunes' weak 1 ; (pret. spáði)
spakr
· 'wise'
spilla
· 'ruin' weak 3 -ti ; w/dat. ; Eldrinn hafði áðr spillt þeira klæðum ok vápnum 'The fire had ruined their clothes and weapons'
spjót, OSw. spjut
· 'spear' neut. a-st.
spyrja
· weak 2 spurði ; w/acc.
· 'ask' ; spyrja at 'ask for' ; w/dat. ; Hröngviðr spyrr, hverr sá væri 'H. asks who he might be', Hann spurði hana at nafni 'He asked her for her name'
· 'learn, get to know, find out' ; Hafið ér nokkut spurt af ferðum Ketils? 'Have you learnt anything of K's journeys?'
staðr, OSw. staþær
· 'place' masc. i-st. ; gen. -ar
· nema staðar 'stop' (intrans.) ; ''
· af stað 'off, away' ; Ertu enn eigi af stað kominn, vinr? 'Have you still not gotten away, my friend?'
· í stað 'in stead (of)' ; w/gen. ; Vér viljum nú í stað ríða til Uppsala 'We now want to ride to U. in stead'
stafkarl, OSw. stafkarl/stakkarl
· 'beggar' masc. a-st.
stafr, OSw. stavær
· 'staff' masc. a-st. (later i-st.)
standa
· 'stand' ; strong VI ; pret. stóð – stóðu (without the /n/), perf. standinn
stefna
· weak 3 -di
· 'steer (to), head (for); aim' ; Sigurðr stefndi suðr til Frakklands 'S. headed south for France', ''
· 'proclaim' ; Litlu síðar lét konungr stefna þing 'A little later the king had a thing proclaimed'
· ''
steinn, OSw. stenn
· 'stone' masc. a-st.
stela, OSw. stjala (> stjæla)
· 'steal' strong IV ; w/
sterkr, OSw. starkær
· 'strong'
steypa sér/steypast
· 'throw oneself' weak 3 -ti ; Hann steypti sér niðr at Smið ok gleypti hann 'He threw himself down at S. and swallowed him'
stíga
· 'step' strong I ; pret. sing. sté or (later) steig
stigr/stígr
· 'path' masc. u-st. or i-st.
stinga
· 'sting' strong III ; (pret. 1st and 3rd sing. stakk) ; w/dat.
stjarna
· 'star' fem. ôn-st.
stórr
· 'large' ; comp. stœrri – stœrstr
streða/serða
· 'fuck' strong III ; streða (pret. strað) is a distorted form of serða (pret. sarð) (because of taboo)
strengja
· 'ratify' weak 3 strengði ; strengja heit 'take a vow' ; Hjörvarðr strengdi þess heit, at hann skyldi eiga dóttur Ingjalds Svíakonungs 'H. took a vow, that he would get the daughter of king I. of the Swedes'
strengr
· 'string' masc. i-st.
strönd, OSw. strand
· 'strand, coast' fem. i-st. or root-noun.
stýra
· 'steer; rule, govern' weak 3 -ði ; w/dat.
suðr
· 'south, to the south' adv.
súga, OSw. sugha
· 'suck' strong II
sultr, OSw. sultær
· 'hunger' masc. i-st. ; gen. -ar or -s, dat. -i
sumar
· 'summer' neut. a-st. ; stem sum(a)r- – dat. sumr-i ; (plur. sumur)
sumr
· 'some' indef. pron.
svá
· 'so' adv.
svartr
· 'black'
sveinn, OSw. swenn
· 'young man, boy' masc. a-st.
svelta, OSw. swælta
· 'starve' strong III ; (pret. plur. sultu, perf. soltinn) ; Skaltu hér nú inni svelta ok aldri út komast 'Now you shall starve in here and never get out'
svenskr/sœnskr, OSw. swænskær
· 'swedish'
sverð, OSw. swærþ
· 'sword' neut. a-st.
sverja, OSw. swærja
· 'swear' strong VI ; (pret. sór – sóru) perf. svarinn
svíi
· 'swede' masc. an-st.
svíkja
· 'betray' strong I ; w/acc.
svívirðing
· 'shame, disgrace' fem. ô-st. ; Fara þeir nú í burt með skömm ok svívirðing 'They now go away with shame and disgrace'
syfja
· 'make sleepy, make tired' weak 1 ; (impers.) w/acc. ; Syfjar mik nú 'I am getting tired'
sýn
· 'sight; appearance, looks' fem. i-st. ; Sá var mikill vexti ok fríðr sýnum 'He was of large size and handsome appearance'
sýna
· 'show' weak 3 ; w/acc. and dat. ; Sýn mér sverð þitt, þat er þú hefir 'Show me your sword, that which you have'
· sýnast (refl.) 'seem' ; Sýndist konungi þetta gott ráð 'This seemed (to be) good advice to the king'
syngva, OSw. sjunga
· 'sing' strong III ; pret. söng – sungu, perf. sunginn
synja
· 'refuse, denie' weak 1 ; w/gen. and dat. ; ... at hvárigum vill hann synja mægða (gen. plur.) '... that he will refuse neither of them kinship' (i.e. 'to marry his daughter')
systir
· 'sister' fem. r-st.
sæll
· ''
· -sæll 'lucky with/in ...' (vinsæll 'lucky with friends' i.e. 'popular', sigrsæll 'lucky in war' etc.)
OSw. sæmastær
· 'worst'
OSw. sæmbri
· 'worse'
sæng, OSw. sæng/siang
· 'bed' fem. root-noun, OSw. fem. i-st. ; gen. sængr
sær/sjór
· 'sea' masc. va-st. ; gen. sævar/sjóvar
særa
· 'wound' weak 3 ; w/acc.
sæti
· 'seat' naut. ia-st.
sætt
· 'reconsiliation' fem. i-st. ; also plur. sættir ; Ek vil bjóða þér sættir 'I wish to offer you reconsiliation'
sættast
· 'reconcile' weak 1 ;
sœkja (later sækja), OSw. søkja
· weak 3 ; pret. sótti, perf. sóttr ; w/acc.
· 'search'
· 'go after, get'
· 'seek, make for' ; Hann sótti austr í Garðaríki 'He went east to Russia'
· 'visit'
· sœkja at 'attack' ; Sóttu þeir fóstbræðr nú at Ingjaldi 'The foster-brothers now attacked I.'
søkkva, OSw. sjunka
· 'sink' strong III ; pret. sing. sökk
sœmð (later sæmd)
· 'honour' fem. i-st.
söðull, OSw. saþull
· 'saddle' masc. a-st. ; plur.
sögn, OSw. sægn
· 'what is said' fem. i-st. ; Þat er fróðra manna sögn 'That's what wise men say'
sök, OSw. sak
· fem. ô-st. or i-st.
· 'case'
· 'thing'
· (fyrir) sakir 'because of' ; w/gen. ; fyrir þá sök 'because of that' ; Sakir mœði ok sára mátti hann ekki hrœra sik 'Because of exhaustion and wounds he could not move'

T

tafl
· 'board game' neut a-st. ; Þeir Björn ok Hvítserkr léku tafl 'B. and H. played a board game'
taka
· 'take' strong VI ; perf. part. tekinn (g/k-umlaut)
· taka at 'begin to' ; Er hann tók at eldast ... 'When he started to grow old'
· takast (refl.) 'begin' ; Þar tókst harðr bardagi 'There began a rough battle'
tal
· neut. a-st.
· 'talking, conversation'
· 'number'
tala
· 'talk' weak 1
tefla
· 'play board games'
telja, OSw. tælja
· weak 2 talða
· 'enumerate, [?]' ; Hann telr nú upp fyrir honum mörg stórvirki 'He now tells him of many deeds'
· 'say, talk'
tíðindi
· 'news' neut. ia-st. (plur.)
tíðr
· ''
tígn
· 'rank' fem.
til
· 'to' prep. w/gen.
tími
· 'time' masc. an-st.
tíu
· 'ten' num.
tjald
· 'tent' neut. a-st.
tólf
· 'twelve' num.
tré, OSw. træ
· 'tree, wood' neut. a-st.
troll
· 'troll' neut. a-st.
trúa
· 'believe' weak 1 (pret. trúaði)
trúnaðr
· 'faithfulness' masc. a-st.
týna
· weak 3 -di
· 'lose' ; Hefi ek týnt gulli mínu 'I have lost my gold'
· 'destroy' ;
tunga
· 'tongue, language' fem. ôn-st.
tveir, OSw. twer
· 'two' num. ; fem. tvær, neut. tvau
töng, OSw. tang
· 'tongs' fem. root-noun
tönn, OSw. tann
· 'tooth' fem. root-noun

Þ

þá
· 'then' adv.
þaðan
· 'therefrom' adv.
þakka
· 'thank' weak 1
þangat
· 'that way, thereto' adv.
þannig/þannug
· 'that way, thereto' adv.
þar
· 'there' (not 'thereto')
þat, OSw. þat/þæt
· 'it' neut. pers. pron.
· 'that' neut. dem. pron.
þau, OSw. þø
· 'they' (neut. or masc.+fem.) pers. pron. and dem. pron.
þefja
· 'stink' weak 1
þegar
· 'immediately (after), soon (after)' adv., conj.
þegn
· 'subject (to a ruler)' masc. a-st.
þegja
· 'keep silent' weak 4 ; (pret. þagða, perf. þagat)
þegn
· 'man, subject (of a ruler)' masc. a-st.
þeir, OSw. þer
· 'they' (masc.) pers. pron. and dem. pron.
þekja, OSw. þækkja
· 'cover' weak 2 -þi
þekkja
· 'discover, notice' weak 3 -ti
þiggja
· 'recieve' strong V ; pret. þá – þágu, perf. þeginn
þing
· 'thing, assembly' neut. a-st.
þinn
· 'your' pron.
þjóð, OSw. þjuþ
· 'people, tribe' fem. i-st.
þjófr, OSw. þjuvær
· 'thief' masc. a-st.
þjóna
· 'serve' weak 1
þjónust
· 'service' fem.
þó
· 'though' adv.
· þó at 'eventhough' conj. ; also contracted into þótt
þola
· 'endure' weak 4 þolði
þora
· 'dare' weak 4 þorði
þótt
· 'eventhough' conj. ; = þó at
þrá
· = þreyja
þrár
· 'defiant, obstinate'
þrekr
· 'power, strength' masc. a-st.
þrekvirki
· '' neut. ia-st.
þreyja/þrá
· 'long (for)' weak 3 ; pret. þráði, perf. þráðr ; also þreyja at ; w/dat.
þreyta
· 'exhaust oneself' weak 3 þreytti
þriði
· 'third' num.
þrífa
· 'grab' strong I
þrír
· 'three' num. ; fem. þrjár, neut. þrjú
þrjóta, OSw. þryta
· '' strong II ; impers. w/acc.
þræll
· 'slave' masc. a-st.
þú
· 'you' (sing.) pers. pron.
þungr, OSw. þungær
· 'heavy' ; comp. þyngri – þyngstr
þurfa
· 'need' pret.pres. ; pres. þarf – þurfu, pret. þurfti, perf. þurft ; w/gen. ; also þurfa við ; w/acc.
þurs
· 'a sort of giant' masc. a-st.
því, OSw. þy
· 'because'
· því ... því 'the ... the'
þvílíkr
· 'such' adj.
þýða
· 'interpret; mean' ; eða hvat mun þetta þýða? 'or what does this mean?'
þýðr
· ''
þykkja
· weak 3 ; pret. þótti, perf. þóttr
· 'seem' ; impers. w/acc. ; also þykkjask (refl.) ; w/acc. ; Svá mun þér þykkja 'It may seem like that to you' ('You may think so'), Þykkjumst vit nú hafa fengit svá góðan húsbónda 'It now seems to us that we have gotten such a good master'
þyrstr
· 'thirsty'
þær, OSw. þar
· 'they' (fem.) pers. pron. and dem. pron.
þögull
· 'taciturn'
þörf, OSw. þarf
· 'need' fem. ô-st.

U, Ú

ulfr (later úlfr), OSw. ulvær
· 'wolf' masc. a-st.
um
·
· 'around'
· 'over, through'
· 'at, in' (in temp. expressions) ; um morgin snemma 'early in the morning'
· 'about'
una
· weak 4 'be content' ; (pret. unði, perf. unat) ; w/dat. ; also una við ; w/acc.
undir
· 'under' w/dat. () or acc. (movement)
ungr
· 'young' ; comp. yngri/œri – yngstr/œstr
unna
· 'love', OSw. 'not grudge, grant' pret.pres. 3 ; pres. sing. ann, plur. unnu, pret. unni, perf. unnat ; Konungr unni mikit dœtrum sínum 'The king loved his daughters very much'
unnasta
· 'mistress, sweetheart' fem. ôn-st. ; (acc. unnustu &c.)
upp
· 'up' adv.
urðr
· 'destiny' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!)
út
· 'out' adv.
útlagi
· 'outlaw' masc. an-st.
útlægr
· 'outlawed' ; Faðir þinn gerði mik útlægan 'Your father made me an outlaw'
uxi/oxi
· 'ox' masc. an-st. ; plur. yxn/øxn – yxna/øxna – yxnum/øxnum – yxn/øxn!

V

vagn
· 'waggon' masc.
vaka
· 'be awake' weak 4 vakþa ;
vald
· neut. a-st.
· 'power' ; ok er allt á þínu valdi, þat mér til heyrir 'and all that belongs to me is in your power'
· 'authority' ; eiga vald at 'have the authority to'
valda
· 'cause' strong in pres. and perf. (veldr, valdinn), but weak in pret. (olli (with root ablaut and loss of /v/ before /o/)) ; w/dat. ; Hvat veldr yðvarri ógleði 'What causes your sadness'
valkyrja
· 'valkyrie' fem. jôn-st.
valr
· 'the slain warriors' masc.
ván
· 'expectation' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
vandi
· 'difficulty, problem' masc. an-st.
vandi
· 'habit' masc. an-st. ; Hafið it hér illan vanda upp tekit 'You have picked up a bad habit here'
vandr, OSw. vandær
· 'difficult'
vándr, OSw. vandær/ondær
· 'bad, evil' ; comp. verri – verstr
vanr
· 'used to' ; w/dat. ; því at hann var ekki við vápn vanr 'because he was not used to weapons'
vápn
· 'weapon'
vár
· 'spring' neut. a-st., OSw. fem. i-st.
vara
· weak 1 ;
· 'warn'
· varast (refl.) 'watch out for' ; Yngvarr bað þá varast konurnar 'Y. told them to watch out for the women'
vargr, OSw. varghær
· 'outlaw; wolf' masc. a-st.
varla
· 'hardly' adv.
varr
· '' adj.
várr
· 'our' pron.
vatn
· 'water' neut. a-st.
vaxa
· 'grow' strong VI ; (pret. óx)
vé
· 'holy place' neut. a-st.
veðja
· 'bet' weak 1 ; Hér skulum vér veðja um 'Let's bet about this here'
veðr, OSw. væþær
· 'wind, weather' neut. a-st.
vefr
· 'bench' masc. i-st. ; gen. vef-jar (old ja-st.)
vega
· strong V ; pret. vá – vágu
· 'slay, kill' ; w/acc. ; hvárt hann var sóttdauðr eða með vápnum veginn 'whether he died from a disease or was killed with weapons'
· 'fight (with)' ; also
veggr, OSw. væggær
· 'wall' masc. i-st. ; gen. vegg-jar
vegr, OSw. væghær
· masc. a-st. or u-st.
· 'way, road' ; Fara þeir nú þann sama veg 'They now go that same way'
· 'way, manner' ; ok þann veg var markaðr hans hjalmr ok söðull 'and in that way his helmet and saddle were marked'
· 'way, direction' ;
veiða
· 'hunt' weak 3 veiddi
veita
· weak 3 veitti
· 'inflict' ; ok veitti Störkuðr honum eitt mikit sár 'and S. inflicted a bad wound upon him', Þessir menn veittu honum bana ''
· 'allow, grant' ; Nú vil ek at þú veitir mér lið 'Now I want you to grant me people/help', Konungr veitti honum þat 'The king granted him that', Hann veitti henni sína bæn 'He granted her her wish'
veizla
· 'party' fem. ôn-st.
vel, OSw. væl
· 'well' adv. ; comp. betr – bazt
vél
· 'trick' fem. ô-st.
véla
· 'trick, betray' weak -ti
veldi, OSw. vældi
· 'domination; kingdom' neut. ia-st.
velja, OSw. vælja
· 'choose' weak 2
venja, OSw. vænja
· 'accustom' weak 2 -di
vera
· see vesa
verð
· 'value, price' neut. a-st.
verða, OSw. værþa
· 'become' strong III
· verða at 'have to'
verðr, OSw. værþær
· 'worth' adj.
verðr, OSw. værþær/varþær
· 'meal' masc. u-st., OSw. masc. a- or i-st.
verja, OSw. værja
· 'defend' weak 2 ; w/acc.
verk, OSw. værk
· 'work, deed' neut. a-st.
verpa, OSw. værpa
· 'throw' strong III ; used esp. about making burial mounds: Þeir verpa þar haug eptir Ásmund 'There they throw[?] a burial mound at Á.'
verr
· 'man' masc. a-st.
verr
· 'worse' adv. comp. to illa
verri, OSw. værri
· 'worse' adj. comp. to illr and vándr
verst
· 'worst' adv. superl. to illa
verstr, OSw. værstær
· 'worst' adj. superl. to illr and vándr
vesa/vera, OSw. væra
· 'be' strong V ; (vas/var – váru – verit, OSw. var – váru – varit) ; pres. em (later er), est (later ert), es (later er), erum, eruð, eru, OSw. æm (later ær), æst, ær, ærum, ærin, æru
· ''
· ''
vesall
· 'poor'
vestr, OSw. væstær
· 'west' adv.
vétki/vetki
· 'nothing' indef. pron.
vetr, OSw. vintær
· 'winter' masc. root-noun ; (the /r/ is part of the stem - gen. vetr-ar)
við
· 'at'
· 'with'
· ''
viðr, OSw. viþær
· 'wood, log; forest' masc. u-st.
viðskipti
· 'transactions, [?]' neut. ia-st. ; Nú er at segja frá viðskiptum konunga ''
víf, OSw. vif
· 'woman' (poetic word) ; neut. a-st.
víg, OSw. vigh
· 'battle; slaying' neut. a-st.
vígja, OSw. vighja
· 'sanctify'
vígr, OSw. vighær
· 'able to fight'
vígvöllr
· 'battlefield' masc. u-st.
vík
· 'bay' fem. root-noun ; gen. vík-r
vika, OSw. wika
· 'week' fem. ôn-st.
víkja
· 'move, change direction'[?] strong I
víking
· 'viking raid' fem. ô-st.
víkingr
· 'viking, sea warrior' masc. a-st.
vili
· 'will' masc. jan-st.
vilja
· 'want' weak 2 ; perf. part. viljat ; 2nd pers. sing. pres. vill but also vilt (from pret.pres. verbs)
villa
· 'confound' weak 3 -ti
· villask (refl.) 'be lost'
vinátta
· 'friendship' fem. ôn-st.
vindr, OSw. vindær
· 'wind' masc. a-st.
vinna
· strong III ; (pret. plur. unnu, perf. unninn)
· 'win'
· 'defeat'
· 'conquer, obtain' ; Hann vann undir sik mörg konungaríki 'He conquered many kingdoms'
vinr
· 'friend' masc. i-st.
vinsæll
· 'popular'
virðing
· 'dignity, reputation, prestige' fem. ô-st.
virðuligr
· 'honourable'
vísa
· 'song' fem. ôn-st.
vísa
· 'show' weak 1
víss
· 'sure, certain' ; verða víss 'get to know, be sure' ; w/gen.
vist
· 'accomodation, lodging' fem. i-st. or ô-st.
vit
· 'wit, sense' neut. a-st.
vita
· 'know' pret.pres. ; pres. veit – vitu, pret. vissi, perf. vitaðr
vitja
· 'visit' weak 1
vitni
· 'witnes' neut. ia-st.
vitr, OSw. vitær
· 'wise' stem vitr- – gen. vitr-s
vænn
· 'likely'
· 'beautiful'
vænta/vætta
· 'expect' weak 3 ; w/gen.
vætta
· 'at all' adv.
vættr
· 'weight' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!)
vöðvi
· 'muscle' masc. van-st.
völlr
· 'field' masc. u-st.
völva
· '' fem. vôn-st.
vörðr, OSw. warþær
· 'guard, keeper' masc. u-st. ; Atli helt vörð inn fyrra hluta nætrinnar 'A. kept watch the first part of the night'
vöxtr, OSw. væxtær/vaxtær
· 'growth, size' masc. u-st., OSw. u-st. or i-st. ; Hann var mikill vexti ''

Y, Ý

yðvarr
· 'your' pron.
yfir
· 'over' ; w/acc. or dat.
ykkarr
· 'your' pron.
ýmiss
· 'different' ; syncopated or not – masc. plur. either ýmissir or ýmsir

Æ

æ
· 'always' adv.
æðra
· 'fear' fem. ôn-st. ; Svá váru þeir allir hraustir at engi talaði æðruorð 'So brave were they all, that noone spoke words of fear'
ægir
· 'sea' (poetic word) masc. ia-st.
ætla
· weak 1
· 'think, consider, have the opinion'
· 'intend' ; Ætlaða ek at stinga ór henni augun 'I intended to sting out her eyes'
ætt
· 'clan' fem. i-st.
ævi
· 'life, career' neut. ia-st.

Ø, Œ

øngi
· see engi
œpa (> æpa)
· 'yell' weak 3 -ti
œri
· 'younger' adj. comp. to ungr
ørindi
· see erindi
œska (> æska)
· 'youth' fem. ôn-st. ; Konungr átti hann í œsku sinni 'The king had him in his youth'
øx
· 'axe' fem. iô-st.

"Hooked O" (here written "ö")

öðruvís
· 'differently, in a different way' adv.
öfund, OSw. afund
· 'envy' fem.
öl, OSw. øl
· 'ale, beer' neut. va-st.
öld, OSw. ald
· 'age, era' fem. i-st.
önd, OSw. and
· 'spirit' fem. i-st.
öndvegi/öndugi
· 'seat of honour' neut. ia-st. ; Konungr bað hann fara til öndvegis gegnt sér 'The king asked him to go to the seat of honour opposite of him'
öndverðr
· 'opposite' ;
ör, OSw. arf
· 'arrow' fem. vô-st. (gen. örvar), OSw. ô-st.
örn, OSw. ørn
· 'eagle' masc. u-st.
öxl, OSw. axl
· 'shoulder' fem.

© Peter Pettersson
updated 000827