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verbs: WEAK CLASS 4
The weak verbs of the 4th class are inflected exactly like the class 3 verbs, but they have no i-umlaut in the stem, because the /i/ in the endings weren't /i/:s originally. They don't have any /j/:s between stem and ending either.
Not many verbs belong to this class.
| | | indicative | | | subjunctive/optative
| | sing. | 1 | lif-i
| | 1 | lif-a
| | 2 | lif-ir
| | 2 | lif-ir
| | 3 | lif-ir
| | 3 | lif-i
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| | plur. | 1 | lif-um
| | 1 | lif-im
| | 2 | lif-ið
| | 2 | lif-ið
| | 3 | lif-a
| | 3 | lif-i
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| | indicative | | | subjunctive/optative
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· lifa 'live'
· þola 'endure'
· segja 'say' ; i-umlauted in pres. but not elsewhere
· þora 'dare'
· hafa 'have' ; i-umlauted in pres. sing. like strong verbs
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| | sing. | 1 | lifð-a
| | 1 | lifð-a
| | 2 | lifð-ir
| | 2 | lifð-ir
| | 3 | lifð-i
| | 3 | lifð-i
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| | plur. | 1 | lifð-um
| | 1 | lifð-im
| | 2 | lifð-uð
| | 2 | lifð-ið
| | 3 | lifð-u
| | 3 | lifð-i
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The present participle is inflected like an adjective in the comparative grade; the perfect participle like a regular adjective.
| present participle | perfect participle
| | lifandi | lifðr or lifaðr
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The ON class 4 verbs aren't the same as the gothic class 4. They are not old na-verbs, but ê-verbs, i.e. proto-germanic and gothic ai-verbs, which originally had a stative meaning.
© Peter Pettersson
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