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INFLECTION of the STRONG VERBS

to Old Swedish inflection

The inflexional endings are the same for all strong verbs. The inflexion is illustrated here with the class II verb fljúga 'fly'. The three singular forms of the present tense are i-umlauted, when that is possible.
If the stem ends with /n/, /l/ or /s/ the ending -r is assimilated to it. The present tense of skína 'shine' thus is skínn. 		indicativesubjunctive/ optative
sing.1flýg- 1fljúg-a
2flýg-r 2fljúg-ir
3flýg-r 3fljúg-i
plur.1fljúg-um 1fljúg-im
2fljúg-ið 2fljúg-ið
3fljúg-a 3fljúg-i

indicativesubjunctive/ optative The preterite uses different stems for the singular and the plural in the indicative, but in the subjunctive the umlauted "plural" stem is used.
If the stem ends with /t/ this /t/ turns into an /s/ when the 2nd person ending -t is attached (beit- + -t = beist). If the stem ends with /ð/ this /ð/ turns into a /t/ (reið- + -t = reitt).
sing.1flaug- 1flyg-a
2flaug-t 2flyg-ir
3flaug- 3flyg-i
plur.1flug-um 1flyg-im
2flug-uð 2flyg-ið
3flug-u 3flyg-i

The origin of the endings:
pres. ind. sing. 1: -u < -ô < -ô ; 2: -iR < -iz < -e-si ; 3: =2 pers. < -ið < -e-ti ; plur. 1: -um < -om < -o-me ; 2: -eð < -eð < -e-te ; 3: -an < -anþ < -o-nti
pres. subj. sing. 1: -ô < -au < -aiun < -oi-m ; 2: -êR < -aiz < -oi-s ; 3: -ê < -ai < -oi-t ; plur. 1: -êm < -aim(/-aimê) < -oi-me(/-oi-mê) ; 2: -êð < -aið < -oi-te ; 3: -ên < -ain < -oi-nt
pret. ind. sing. 1: - < - < -a ; 2: -t < -t (at least after some consonants) < -ta ; 3: - < - < -e ; plur. 1: -um < -um < -me ; 2: =[?] < i-e. -e ; 3: -un < -unþ < impf. -nt
pret. subj. sing. 1: = pres. ; 2: -îR < -îz < -î-s ; 3: -î < -î < -î-t ; plur. 1: -îm < -îm(/-îmê) < -î-me(/-î-mê) ; 2: -îð < -îð < -î-te ; 3: -în < -în < -î-nt
© Peter Pettersson