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nouns: · a-stems · va-stems · ja-stems · ia-stems · ô-stems · vô-stems · jô-stems · iô-stems · i-stems · u-stems · an-stems · ôn-stems · în-stems · nd-stems · root nouns · r-stems ·
nouns: A-STEMS, VA-STEMS and JA-STEMS

to Old Swedish inflexion

A-stems are either masculine or neutral.

sing.plur.sing.plur.
nom.hest-r nom.hest-ar nom.hamar-r nom.hamr-ar
gen.hest-s gen.hest-a gen.hamar-s gen.hamr-a
dat.hest-i dat.hest-um dat.hamr-i dat.hömr-um
acc.hest- acc.hest-a acc.hamar- acc.hamr-a

like hestr:like hamarr:
· hestr 'horse'
· konungr 'king'
· hrafn 'raven'
· bátr 'boat'
 · víkingr 'viking, sea warrior'
· knífr 'knife'
· ulfr 'wolf'
 · karl 'man'
· geirr 'javelin'
· steinn 'stone' ; /nn/ from /nr/ in nom. sing.
 · hamarr 'hammer'
· jötunn 'giant'
· fjöturr 'fetter'

The neutral a-stems only differ in the nominative and accusative.

sing.plur.
like land:
· land 'land'
· skip 'ship'
· barn 'child'
 · sverð 'sword'
· spjót 'spear'
· höfuð 'head' ; syncopated like hamarr (dat. plur. höfðum)
 · fé 'cattle, real property, money' ; gen. fjár
nom., acc.land nom., acc.lönd

The va-stems are quite rare, and they only differ from the pure a-stems in having a /v/ in front of all endings beginning with /a/ and /i/. The plural genitive ending thus is -va in stead of -a. masculine:neutral:
· söngr 'song'
 · öl 'beer'
· högg 'cut'
· fjör 'life'
Masculine ja-stems are very common in OSwed. but in OIcel. there is only one. The neutral ones, though, are very common in both dialects.
Ja-stems only differ from the pure a-stems in having a /j/ in front of all endings beginning with /a/ and /u/. The plural genitive ending thus is -ja in stead of -a. 		masculine:neutral:
· niðr 'descendant'
 · kyn 'race, clan'
· men 'necklace'
· sker 'reef'
 · net 'net'
· skegg 'beard'
The following words are i-stems in OIcel., but were once ja-stems:
· leggr 'leg'
· herr 'army'
· bœr 'village'

The ON a-stems have their origin in the PIE o-stems (thematic stems):
masculine:
sing: nom: -aR < -az < -os ; gen: -as < -as/-es < -oso/-eso ; dat: -ê < -ai < loc. -oi ; acc: -a < -an < -om
plur: nom: -ôR < -õz < -õs (-o+es) ; gen: -ô < -õn < -õm (-o+om) ; dat: -umR < -omiz < -omes ; acc: -an < -ans < -ons
neutral:
sing. nom/acc: -a < -an < -om
plur. nom/acc: -u < -ô < -ô (-o+H)
© Peter Pettersson