– 'and'

• ok 'and'
''

• en/enn 'and, but'
''

object clauses

• at 'that'
Frétt hefi ek, at hún er bæði vitr ok væn 'I have heard that she is both wise and beautiful'

conditional clauses – 'if ...'

• ef 'if'
Ef þú ferr þann veg er vándar vættir byggja, ver var um þik! 'If you go that way where evil beings dwell, be on your guard!'
• ef ... þá 'if ... then'
Ef vit komum eigi aptr, þá skuluð ér sigla hvert sem ér vilið 'If we do not come back, then you shall sail where ever you want'

• nema 'unless, if not'
Engan eld fær þú af mér, nema þú mælir þrjú sannyrði 'You will get no fire from me, unless you speak three truths'

• ''
''

temporal clauses – 'when ...', 'before ...', 'while ...' &c.

• (á) meðan 'while, as long as'
Þér má ekkert granda á meðan þú ert í tjaldinu 'Nothing can do you any harm as long as you are in the tent'

• áðr (en) 'before'
áðr en hann fell dauðr at jörðu 'before he dropped dead to the ground'

• fyrr en 'before, until'
ok létta eigi fyrr en þeir koma til Gautelfar 'and do not stop until they reach Gautelfr'

• 'after'
''

• ''
''

causal clauses – 'because ...', 'since ...'

• ''
''

consessive clauses – 'eventhough ...'

• þó at/þótt 'eventhough'
Vilja þeir nú ríða veg sinn, þó at nótt sé myrk 'They now want to ride their way, eventhough the night is dark'
Þótt Sigmundr væri gamall þá barðist hann nú hart 'Eventhough S. was old, he now fought hard'

final clauses – 'in order to ...'

• ''
''

relative clauses – 'who, which, that ...'

• es/er 'who, which, that ...', 'when ...', 'where ...'
Hrólfr konungr átti einn hund mikinn, er Gramr hét 'King H. had a large dog, who was called G.'
Í þann tíma, er Hákon jarl Sigurðarson réð fyrir Noregi, ... 'In that time, when earl H. S. ruled over Norway, ...'

• (þá) es/er 'when ...'
''

• (þar) es/er 'where ...'
''

consecutive clauses – 'so that ...'

• svá at 'so that'
''

comparative clauses – 'than to ...'

• en/enn/an 'than'
Þat er svinnligra en at drekka frá sér vitit allt 'That is wiser than drinking oneself out of one's senses'

• sem 'as'
En hún gerði sem hún hét 'And she did as she promised'