Chapter 7.8

The Shell-Universe and The V-effect - Chapter 7.8 - 7.11

7.8 The redshift in the Universe.

In a Universe, as described by the BigBang and the expanding Universe, the redshift is explained by the expansion. If one or more of my statements is true, then the redshift is influenced in the following way :

If the gravitation is redshifted, then this has an effect like Einstein´s cosmical constant.

If the electromagnetic radiation is redshifted by a V-effect from the photons, then a small part of the observed redshift is due to this effect.

If the electromagnetic radiation is redshifted by a V-effect from the dark matter, then a large part of the observed redshift is due to this effect.

But if we calculate with The Shell-Universe, then the whole redshift should be due to a V-effect.

A calculation shows, that there is not enough photons in the Universe, to give a result, that explains the redshift.

So it remains to study the effect from dark matter or, as described in 3.4, from neutrinos.

STATEMENT :
The dark matter or part of it consists of particles with properties like
the photons. Maybe neutrinos. Maybe other, unknown particles.
If we assume that the redshift is due to a V-effect from the dark matter, what density, or relativistic density should it have, to give the right redshift ?

1E-60 kg / m3 ?

1E-30 kg / m3 ?

1E-10 kg / m3 ?
The formula F7.7e does not give any clue.

7.9 Calculation of the V-effect in the Universe.

The calculation is built on
The formula for redshift in 7.7

z.volume = 4 * G * RelDens * B3 * Y0 / c * SUM( ( 1 / D )3 / ( H0 / c * D + 1 ) * t.step ) [ F7.7e ]

Redshift

z = v / c [ F12 ]

The Hubble parameter

H0 = v / D [ F13 ]

This gives

RelDens = H0 * D / ( 4 * G * B3 * Y0 * SUM( ( 1 / D )3 / ( H0 / c * D + 1 ) * t.step ) ) [ F7.9 ]

The data used are

c speed of light 0.3E9 m / s
G gravitational constant 67E-12 m3 / kg / s2
H0 as in 5.1
Values of size and density from The Shell-Universe in 6.7 and 6.8.

Calculation with the computer program.
The computer program is called "RedUni". It is very much the same as "ShellUni" ( 6.3 )

When starting the computer program it is possible to chose a calculation of

a sphere,
an empty shell or
a sphere with a shell - The Shell-Universe

You can also chose

single point
series of points - which gives figure 7.11

The following factors should also be given values

the Hubble parameter
the density of the sphere
a preliminary relativistic density of dark matter
the relativistic density of the shell
a preliminary radius

The computer program

divides the sphere into small unit cubes and the shell into small unit squares.

I have used a division into 550 000 units in my calculations.
calculates the V-effect on each unit along the X-axis from all other units.

It calculates the redshift for a distance of unit length.
adds the V-effect, to get the total influence for each point.
first gives the preliminary redshift, z
then gives a new value of the Hubble parameter
then calculates which relativistic density of dark matter, that gives

the right Hubble parameter. This gives figure 7.10.

7.10 Calculated density of dark matter.

The result of the computer calculations is shown in the diagram on the next page. The density or relativistic density of the dark matter in the sphere is dependent on the total density and on the Hubble parameter.

The result for the density 1.0 and the parameter 80 is 0.6E-27 kg / m3.

The result is not 1E-60 kg / m3

not 1E-30 kg / m3

not 1E-10 kg / m3

It is 0.6E-27 kg / m3

This should be compared with the expected value 0.7E-27 kg / m3

.
We can compare with some other values ( from 5.3 )

Observable matter 0.3E-27 kg / m3
Movements in galaxies gives 1E-27 kg / m3
This gives dark matter
0.7E-27 kg / m3
BigBang probable value 8E-27 kg / m3
This gives dark matter
7.7E-27 kg / m3
The V-effect gives 0.6E-27 kg / m3

Figure 7.10

STATEMENT :
The V-effect from the dark matter gives a redshift, that agrees with the observed.

7.11 The Hubble parameter in different parts of The Shell-Universe.

One effect of these calculations is that the Hubble parameter is different in different parts of The Shell-Universe, The difference is small in most parts of the Universe as shown in the figure.

Figure 7.11

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The result is	not	1E-60	kg / m3
	not	1E-30	kg / m3
	not	1E-10	kg / m3
It is		0.6E-27	kg / m3
This should be compared with the expected value		0.7E-27	kg / m3
.
We can compare with some other values ( from 5.3 )
	Observable matter	0.3E-27	kg / m3
	Movements in galaxies gives	1E-27	kg / m3
	This gives dark matter	0.7E-27	kg / m3
	BigBang probable value	8E-27	kg / m3
	This gives dark matter	7.7E-27	kg / m3
	The V-effect gives	0.6E-27	kg / m3