THE TEMPEST MARKS

[ Mark I ] [ Mark II ] [ Mark III+IV ] [ Mark V ] [ Mark VI ] [ Mark V TT ]


TEMPEST MK I



Prototype HM599.

In a seperate design study, Camm had devised a pair of wing leading egde mounted radiators to replace the cumbersome chin radiators of the Typhoon. Similair in design to those used on the Mosquito, these radiators were estimated to reduce drag by nearly two-thirds.
The work on the Tempest I was delayed by problems with manufacture of the wing radiator, but it eventually flew on 24 February 1943. It perfomed well and only minor problems such a poor elevator control at low speed and slow throttle reaction were noted. It was an exceptionally clean design and its maximum speed was soon established as a promising 466 mph at 24,500 feet.
Unfortunately, there still remained much development to be done on the Sabre IV engine and this, plus Air Staff distrust of the wing radiators, which were thought to be prone to battle damage, led to abandoment of the Tempest I in favour of the less spectacular but more certain progress of the Tempest V.

Wing span:
Wing area:
Length:
Height (tail down):
Weight (empty):
Weight (loaded):
Maximum speed:
Time to height:
Powerplant:
Max power:
Propeller diameter:
41ft 0in
302 sq ft
34ft 2in
15ft 10in
8,950lb
11,300lb
466 mph at 24,500ft
4.25 mins to 15,000ft
Napier Sabre Mk IV
2,500hp
4-blade 14ft 0in



TEMPEST MK II


The Tempest II had been intended to be powered by the 2,250hp Sabre Mk IVA in-line liquid cooled enginge. Sir Sidney Camm however felt that the radial engined Tempest Mk II would offer the ultimate in performance for the Typhoon/Tempest line and, as a result, considerable effort was made to improve the efficiency of the 2,210 hp Centaurus air cooled radial engine.
During the test flight of the engine in a Tornado prototype (HG641) the engine and oil temperatures remained constantly near the maximum allowable and there was a high amount of carbon monoxide gas in the cockpit.

The RAF technicians, studying a captured Fw 190, found that the Germans had solved the problem of cooling a closely cowled radial engine. They used an annular oil cooler which was built into the leading edge of the cowling and cooled by an engine driven fan. The engine exhaust system avoided the use of a collector ring and gases were discharged through individual exhaust pipes mounted in front of exit louvres on each side of the fuselage.
Hawker engineers redesigned the Tempest II with a modified Centaurus IV, which incorporated much of the German technology. This resulted in what was probably the cleanest radial engined fighter of Second World War. The prototype (LA602) made its maiden flight on 28 June 1943.
Test with LA602 reavealed that the aircraft suffered from engine vibrations. These were solved by mounting the engine on six shock absorbing rubber-packed mountings. These mounts prevented the installation of the Centaurus XII engine (which was originally intended to power production Tempest IIs) and the Centaurus V was chosen as the production power plant.

Wing span:
Wing area:
Length:
Height (tail down):
Weight (empty):
Weight (loaded):
Maximum speed:
Time to height:
Powerplant:
Max power:
Propeller diameter:
41ft 0in
302 sq ft
34ft 5in
14ft 6in
8,900lb
11,800lb
442 mph at 15,200ft
4.5 mins to 15,000ft
Bristol Centaurus Mk V
2,520hp
4-blade 12ft 9in



TEMPEST MK III + IV


The Tempest Mk III and IV, both earmarked for installation of Rolls-Royce Griffon engines, diverged significantly from the Sabre engined Tempest program. Only the Mk III prototype (LA610) was actually converted (Mk IV prototype LA614 was cancelled in Feb 1943). The aircraft was testflown during September 1944 as a "lightweight" Tempest powered by a Griffon 85 engine. Later it was re-engined with the final version of the Sabre, the Mk VIII, which developed over 3000hp, and in this form it achieved 483mph making it the fastest of the Hawker piston-engined fighters.
The Tempest Mk III was the last of the Tempest line and led to the RAF Fury and Royal Navy Sea Fury.


TEMPEST MK V


The Tempest Mk V prototype flew for the first time on 2 September 1942. Flight trials highlighted the need to restore lateral stability lost because of the extended nose and the prototype was modified with a fin fillet and increased span horizontal stabilizers.
It was realized that, although the Tempest Vīs performance was less spectacular than anticipated from the other prototypes with there more advanced engines, all of these other aircraft would take far longer to develop to a point where they would be ready for production. A decision was made to concentrate Hawkerīs efforts on the Sabre II powered aircraft in order to get the new fighter into operational service as soon as possible. The first production aircraft (JN729) made its maiden flight on 21 June 1943.

Tempest Mk V were build in Series I and II. The later with several modifications. These are the differences:

Tempest Mk V Series I:
The Series I had its Hispano Mk. II cannon protecting ahead of the wings leading edge. The joint between the rear fuselage and tail unit was reinforced as a measure, by riveting over with fish plates thus rendering the tail unit nondetachable. The rear spar pick-up end fitting was cranked in order to pick up the fuselage lugs. This was because the fuselage structure of thes early aircraft were converted Typhoon assemblies whose rear spar pick up lugs were too high to allow direct attachment. The top wing root fillet fairing had to have a bulge in it to clear this fitting.

Tempest Mk V Series II:
The Mk V were with fitted with the new short-barrelled Hispano Mk. V cannon which was completely enclosed. The built-up tubular steel fuselage rear spar pick-up structure was replaced by a one-piece casting which gave a direct pick up making a much simpler structural joint. On the Series II the reinforcement of the rear fuselage was not necessary allowing a detachable tail unit.


The first Tempest V prototype HM595.

Wing span:
Wing area:
Length:
Height (tail down):
Weight (empty):
Weight (loaded):
Maximum speed:
Time to height:
Powerplant:
Max power:
Propeller diameter:
41ft 0in
302 sq ft
33ft 8in
16ft 1in
9,000lb
11,400lb
435 mph at 17,500ft
5 mins to 15,000ft
Napier Sabre Mk IIB
2,180hp
4-blade 14ft 0in



TEMPEST MK VI



Tempest VI (NX135).

The Tempest Mk VI was basically a Tempest V airframe modified to accept the 2,340hp Sabre V engine. Externally similar to the Tempest V, the Mk VI featured wing root air intakes similar to those installed on the Tempest II. The use of wing air intakes, for the oil cooler and carburetor, left the nose area free to house a larger engine coolant radiator.
The Sabre Vīs higher power output made it necessary to have this extra cooling which was especially important since the Tempest VI had been selected to be the standard RAF fighter for service in the Middle East.
The Tempest VI prototype (HM595, which had earlier served as the Mk V prototype) was initially tested during February of 1945.

Wing span:
Wing area:
Length:
Height (tail down):
Weight (empty):
Weight (loaded):
Maximum speed:
Time to height:
Powerplant:
Max power:
Propeller diameter:
41ft 0in
302 sq ft
33ft 10,5in
16ft 1in
9,150lb
11,560lb
438 mph at 17,800ft
4,75 mins to 15,000ft
Napier Sabre Mk V
2,340hp
4-blade 14ft 0in



TEMPEST MK V TT (Target Tug)


The Tempest rapidly disappeared in England after the war. But a number of aircraft were employed in second line roles. The most numerous were the Tempest Mk Vs target tugs. 80 aircraft were refurbished for target towing roles between February 1950 and May 1952. The tugs towed a standard RAF sleeve target suspended from pick up points under the fuselage. This method required the target to be laid out on the ground prior the take off.

Above: The Tempest TT Mk V (SN329) was tested with a compact winch and cable system which was enclosed by a streamline pod under the port wing. The pod was counter balanced by a droptank carried on the starboard wing. Although successful, it did not enter service.

Images from (from top):
Nos 4, 5, 8 - 10: Typhoon/Tempest in action (Squadron/Signal Publications No 102).
Nos 1 - 3, 6, 7: The Typhoon & Tempest Story (Chris Thomas & Christopher Shores).
Text sources:
Typhoon/Tempest in action (Squadron/Signal Publications No 102).


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