With
the end of World War II, relations between the United States and the Soviet
Union rapidly deteriorated. The absorption of Eastern European countries into
the Soviet block revealed Stalin's expansionist ambitions; tensions were further
increased by the Korean War. The proliferation of nuclear weapons added to the
general climate of fear. Elsewhere the world was being reshaped: India,
Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Burma achieved independence; the state of
Israel was created; and a Communist government took power in China. The Treaty
of Rome marked the first steps towards European unity. In Africa black
nationalism accelerated decolonization, finding an echo in the burgeoning Civil
Rights movement in the United States. The 1970s witnessed the growth of
international terrorism on the one hand and the American withdrawal from Vietnam
on the other, it was also a time when environmental issues gained importance
throughout the Western world. In the 1980s, while Islamic fundamentalism grew
steadily, Soviet Communism collapsed, transforming the map of Eastern Europe,
and awakening ancient antagonisms, particularly in Yugoslavia. The Middle East
remained a source of potential conflict.
The world made giant strides in technology, notably space exploration and
miniaturization. In the 1960s computers came into regular use. Wealthy
consume6st society inspired the images of Pop Art in the work of Lichtenstein
and Warhol. It was the age of a new youth culture; the rebellion of the young
against their parents' values was reflected in literature, fashion and popular
music.
In music it was a time of experimentation. The principles of serialism were extended in the work of Boulez and Stockhausen,
while Cage focused on the random element in music. Other developments included
electronic music and minimalism; a more orthodox tradition survived in the
mainly operatic work of Britten, Tippett and Henze.
Composers
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